Aiming at the problem of anomaly detection of white-box communication network equipment, a white-box optical network fault detection scheme based on blockchain is proposed. Firstly, a data collection oriented blockchain architecture and a data collection and storage scheme based on blockchain are designed. Then, a data anomaly detection algorithm based on autoencoder is designed. Finally, the autoencoder model is deployed to the blockchain consensus device to form a complete blockchain-based anomaly detection mechanism. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can quickly realize the on-link storage of data collected by different devices, accurately and quickly identify the abnormal data of devices, and realize the real-time anomaly detection of network devices.