In order to study the tensile fracture characteristics of concrete, the uniaxial tensile test of C80 high-strength concrete prism with precast cuts was carried out, the field displacement of the prism surface was measured by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) technology, and the fracture parameters and fracture characteristics of concrete were analyzed during the loading process. For comparative analysis, the deformation of specimen was also measured using a linear displacement meter and a clip-on displacement meter. The comparison results show that the ESPI technology measurement results are in good agreement with the clip-on displacement meter results, which confirms the accuracy and feasibility of ESPI technology to measure the displacement field of concrete surface. The analysis shows that the initial crack point stress is about 82% of the peak stress. The crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of the peak load is 11 μm, and the fracture toughness of concrete under uniaxial tension is obtained by combining the formula to obtain a fracture toughness of about 0.41 MPa·m1/2, and the fracture energy is about 24.71 N/m. The experimental stress-strain relationship is fitted by using two fitting formulas, and the fitting results are good. Finally, the crack propagation law under uniaxial tension was obtained by analyzing the crack mouth opening displacement varied with the width of specimen in the displacement cloud map measured by ESPI technology at different loading steps.