Raman spectra are used for studying the structure and protein, nucleic acid, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, while cervical cancer cells irradiated by X rays of different doses are cultivated for 24 h. After irradiation by X rays, the following results are obtained. (1) Some 12-Gy groups move to the 1237-cm-1 band in compared with the control group’s 1240-cm-1 band; after irradiation by 6-Gy X ray, the 1662-cm-1 band of amide I has a blue shift of 10 cm-1 The above two parts show that because of X ray irradiation, some proteins’ random coil structures have transformed into \beta folding. (2) The 759-cm-1 band disappear in the 6-Gy group; the 570-cm-1 band of every group has a red shift, but the changes in intensity are different; the 1335-cm-1 band in every group has a blue shift, and all their intensities increase. These show that although the 570-, 759-, and 1335-cm-1 bands all belong to the tryptophan residue indole ring vibration, the molecular vibration energy structures which produce scattering lights are different. (3) The 786-cm-1 band only has a blue shift of 3 cm-1 in the 6-Gy group, and the non-hydrogen band of the phosphoric acid diester (O=P=O) increases. The frequency deviation of the 1089-cm-1 band is erratic, and the bent symmetry stretch vibration conformation of phosphoric acid diester key (O=P=O) in the nucleic acid is complex. (4) The 1570-cm-1 band has a blue shift, and its intensities all decrease, while the C=C conjugated duplet bond oxidizes, and the content of C=C decreases.