In order to simplify calibration procedures of translation and rotation axes, a flexible calibration method based on one-dimensional plane target is proposed. Plane target is placed on platform, then the platform is translated and rotated, respectively. The centers of every concentric circle at each location are extracted. The spatial location of system axes are determined using principles of vanishing points and perspective-three-point (P3P). Experimental results indicate that this calibration method has high accuracy; its average absolute measuring accuracy is 0.0411 mm, and its root mean square (RMS) error is 0.0625 mm. This calibration method requires only three collinear points to complete high-precision calibration of translation and rotation axes, which therefore can reduce calibration cost. It concludes that the calculation is flexible and suitable for field calibration.