[1] Hanahan D, Weinberg R A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation[J]. Cell, 144, 646-674(2011).
[2] Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel R L et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 209-249(2021).
[3] Das P, Sedighi A, Krull U J. Cancer biomarker determination by resonance energy transfer using functional fluorescent nanoprobes[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1041, 1-24(2018).
[4] Wu L, Qu X G. Cancer biomarker detection: recent achievements and challenges[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 44, 2963-2997(2015).
[5] Huang X L, Song J B, Yung B C et al. Ratiometric optical nanoprobes enable accurate molecular detection and imaging[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 2873-2920(2018).
[6] Zhang R R, Schroeder A B, Grudzinski J J et al. Beyond the margins: real-time detection of cancer using targeted fluorophores[J]. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 14, 347-364(2017).
[7] Yu L H, Liu Y S, Chen X Y. Lanthanide-doped upconversion nano-bioprobes for in-vitro detection of tumor markers[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 39, 27-49(2018).
[8] Mao H H, Zhan Z H, Zhou G H et al. Advances in application of fluorescent carbon quantum dots in drug analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 42, 1245-1256(2021).
[9] Füzéry A K, Levin J, Chan M M et al. Translation of proteomic biomarkers into FDA approved cancer diagnostics: issues and challenges[J]. Clinical Proteomics, 10, 13(2013).
[10] Goossens N, Nakagawa S, Sun X C et al. Cancer biomarker discovery and validation[J]. Translational Cancer Research, 4, 256-269(2015).
[11] Henry N L, Hayes D F. Cancer biomarkers[J]. Molecular Oncology, 6, 140-146(2012).
[12] Nguyen T H D, Tam J, Wu R A et al. Cryo-EM structure of substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme[J]. Nature, 557, 190-195(2018).
[13] Kalluri R, LeBleu V S. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes[J]. Science, 367, eaau6977(2020).
[14] Yu W, Hurley J, Roberts D et al. Exosome-based liquid biopsies in cancer: opportunities and challenges[J]. Annals of Oncology, 32, 466-477(2021).
[15] Liu R, Zhang S X, Wei C et al. Metal stable isotope tagging: renaissance of radioimmunoassay for multiplex and absolute quantification of biomolecules[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 49, 775-783(2016).
[16] Grange R D, Thompson J P, Lambert D G. Radioimmunoassay, enzyme and non-enzyme-based immunoassays[J]. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 112, 213-216(2014).
[17] Zhao Q, Lu D, Zhang G Y et al. Recent improvements in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on nanomaterials[J]. Talanta, 223, 121722(2021).
[18] Gan S D, Patel K R. Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay[J]. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133, 1-3(2013).
[19] Xiao Q, Lin J M. Advances and applications of chemiluminescence immunoassay in clinical diagnosis and foods safety[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 43, 929-938(2015).
[20] Xiao Q, Xu C X. Research progress on chemiluminescence immunoassay combined with novel technologies[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 124, 115780(2020).
[21] Cao L, Cui X Y, Hu J et al. Advances in digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and its emerging biomedical applications[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 90, 459-474(2017).
[22] Sano T, Smith C L, Cantor C R. Immuno-PCR: very sensitive antigen detection by means of specific antibody-DNA conjugates[J]. Science, 258, 120-122(1992).
[23] Wang W Z, Yu Y, Zhang X Q et al. Laboratory analytical methods applied in the early detection of cancers by tumor biomarker[J]. Analytical Methods, 9, 3085-3093(2017).
[24] Haas J, Katus H A, Meder B. Next-generation sequencing entering the clinical arena[J]. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 25, 206-211(2011).
[25] Berghmans E, Boonen K, Maes E et al. Implementation of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging in cancer proteomics research: applications and challenges[J]. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10, 54(2020).
[26] Huang X, Liu H H, Lu D W et al. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 50, 5243-5280(2021).
[27] Masson J F. Portable and field-deployed surface plasmon resonance and plasmonic sensors[J]. The Analyst, 145, 3776-3800(2020).
[28] Reddy P J, Sadhu S, Ray S et al. Cancer biomarker detection by surface plasmon resonance biosensors[J]. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 32, 47-72(2012).
[29] Bellassai N, D’Agata R, Jungbluth V et al. Surface plasmon resonance for biomarker detection: advances in non-invasive cancer diagnosis[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 570(2019).
[30] Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla R A. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring[J]. Cancers, 11, 748(2019).
[31] Abalde-Cela S, Wu L, Teixeira A et al. Multiplexing liquid biopsy with surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 9, 2001171(2021).
[32] Tabata M, Miyahara Y. Liquid biopsy in combination with solid-state electrochemical sensors and nucleic acid amplification[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7, 6655-6669(2019).
[33] Zhou H, Du X, Zhang Z G. Electrochemical sensors for detection of markers on tumor cells[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 8184(2021).
[34] de Pablo J G, Lindley M, Hiramatsu K et al. High-throughput Raman flow cytometry and beyond[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 54, 2132-2143(2021).
[35] Chinen A B, Guan C M, Ferrer J R et al. Nanoparticle probes for the detection of cancer biomarkers, cells, and tissues by fluorescence[J]. Chemical Reviews, 115, 10530-10574(2015).
[36] de Rubis G, Rajeev Krishnan S, Bebawy M. Liquid biopsies in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis[J]. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 40, 172-186(2019).
[37] Lakowicz J R. Introduction to fluorescence[M]. Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, 1-23(1999).
[38] Drummen G P C. Fluorescent probes and fluorescence (microscopy) techniques: illuminating biological and biomedical research[J]. Molecules, 17, 14067-14090(2012).
[39] Fei X N, Gu Y C. Progress in modifications and applications of fluorescent dye probe[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 19, 1-7(2009).
[40] Vajhadin F, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Sanati A et al. Optical cytosensors for the detection of circulating tumour cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 10, 990-1004(2022).
[41] Zhong W W. Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 394, 47-59(2009).
[42] Ruedas-Rama M J, Walters J D, Orte A et al. Fluorescent nanoparticles for intracellular sensing: a review[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 751, 1-23(2012).
[43] Valizadeh A, Mikaeili H, Samiei M et al. Quantum dots: synthesis, bioapplications, and toxicity[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 7, 480(2012).
[44] Xie Y L, Shen B, Zhou B S et al. Progress in research on rare-earth upconversion luminescent nanomaterials and bio-sensing[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0207017(2020).
[45] Xu H, Wang Y X, Jing J P et al. Progress on metal nanoclusters with aggregation-induced emission characteristic in biomedical application[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 42, 336-347(2021).
[46] Li H J, Gui B J, Zhi S B et al. A mini review on polymer dots: synthesis, properties and optical applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 42, 774-792(2021).
[47] Peng F, Su Y Y, Zhong Y L et al. Silicon nanomaterials platform for bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer therapy[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 47, 612-623(2014).
[48] Jiang T S, Zhang R T, Dong C Z et al. Optical nanobiosensors with different structures and their applications in tumor screening[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0207011(2020).
[49] Pan P T, Zou F Y, Zhi L J et al. Synthesis of fluorescent N/Al co-doped carbon dots and its application in detection of hydrogen peroxide[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 58, 0916002(2021).
[50] Madani S Y, Naderi N, Dissanayake O et al. A new era of cancer treatment: carbon nanotubes as drug delivery tools[J]. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 2963-2979(2011).
[51] Feng L Y, Wu L, Qu X G. New horizons for diagnostics and therapeutic applications of graphene and graphene oxide[J]. Advanced Materials, 25, 168-186(2013).
[52] Jamieson T, Bakhshi R, Petrova D et al. Biological applications of quantum dots[J]. Biomaterials, 28, 4717-4732(2007).
[53] Kumar B, Malhotra K, Fuku R et al. Recent trends in the developments of analytical probes based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 139, 116256(2021).
[54] Yang S B, Li Y S. Fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles and their biomedical applications[J]. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 12, e1603(2020).
[55] Sun L N, Wei R Y, Feng J et al. Tailored lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and their promising bioapplication prospects[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 364, 10-32(2018).
[56] Solhi E, Hasanzadeh M. Recent advances on the biosensing and bioimaging based on polymer dots as advanced nanomaterial: analytical approaches[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 840-852(2019).
[57] Gupta N, Chan Y H, Saha S et al. Near-infrared-II semiconducting polymer dots for deep-tissue fluorescence imaging[J]. Chemistry, 16, 175-184(2021).
[58] Tao Y, Li M Q, Ren J S et al. Metal nanoclusters: novel probes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 44, 8636-8663(2015).
[59] Ji X Y, Wang H Y, Song B et al. Silicon nanomaterials for biosensing and bioimaging analysis[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 38(2018).
[60] Kiew S F, Kiew L V, Lee H B et al. Assessing biocompatibility of graphene oxide-based nanocarriers: a review[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 226, 217-228(2016).
[61] Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M et al. Synthesis, applications, and prospects of graphene quantum dots: a comprehensive review[J]. Small, 18, e2102683(2022).
[62] Yuan F L, Li S H, Fan Z T et al. Shining carbon dots: synthesis and biomedical and optoelectronic applications[J]. Nano Today, 11, 565-586(2016).
[63] Namdari P, Negahdari B, Eatemadi A. Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of carbon-based quantum dots: an updated review[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 87, 209-222(2017).
[64] Chen S L, Chen C Y, Hsieh J C H et al. Graphene oxide-based biosensors for liquid biopsies in cancer diagnosis[J]. Nanomaterials, 9, 1725(2019).
[65] Molaei M J. A review on nanostructured carbon quantum dots and their applications in biotechnology, sensors, and chemiluminescence[J]. Talanta, 196, 456-478(2019).
[66] Yao B W, Huang H, Liu Y et al. Carbon dots: a small conundrum[J]. Trends in Chemistry, 1, 235-246(2019).
[67] Tang L, Xiao Q Q, Mei Y J et al. Insights on functionalized carbon nanotubes for cancer theranostics[J]. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 19, 423(2021).
[68] Piloto A M L, Ribeiro D S M, Rodrigues S S M et al. Cellulose-based hydrogel on quantum dots with molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of CA19-9 protein cancer biomarker[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 189, 134(2022).
[69] Cheng N T, Fu J. An approach to the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers for the early diagnosis of liver cancer using quantum dot nanoprobes[J]. Infectious Microbes and Diseases, 4, 34-40(2022).
[70] Zhang X J, Wang Y Y, Deng H P et al. An aptamer biosensor for CA125 quantification in human serum based on upconversion luminescence resonance energy transfer[J]. Microchemical Journal, 161, 105761(2021).
[71] Chen Y H, Shimoni O, Huang G et al. Upconversion nanoparticle-assisted single-molecule assay for detecting circulating antigens of aggressive prostate cancer[J]. Cytometry Part A, 101, 400-410(2022).
[72] Zhu J T, Chu H Y, Shen J W et al. Nitrogen and fluorine co-doped green fluorescence carbon dots as a label-free probe for determination of cytochrome c in serum and temperature sensing[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 586, 683-691(2021).
[73] Han C P, Chen R Y, Wu X Q et al. Fluorescence turn-on immunosensing of HE4 biomarker and ovarian cancer cells based on target-triggered metal-enhanced fluorescence of carbon dots[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1187, 339160(2021).
[74] Bharathi G, Lin F R, Liu L W et al. An all-graphene quantum dot Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe for ratiometric detection of HE4 ovarian cancer biomarker[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 198, 111458(2021).
[75] Dutta K, De S, Das B et al. Development of an efficient immunosensing platform by exploring single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) nanocomposite for early detection of cancer biomarker[J]. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 7, 5541-5554(2021).
[76] Wang C H, Zhang Y, Tang W et al. Ultrasensitive, high-throughput and multiple cancer biomarkers simultaneous detection in serum based on graphene oxide quantum dots integrated microfluidic biosensing platform[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1178, 338791(2021).
[77] Palomar Q, Xu X X, Selegård R et al. Peptide decorated gold nanoparticle/carbon nanotube electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive detection of matrix metalloproteinase-7[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 325, 128789(2020).
[78] Ma S H, Zhang Y P, Ren Q Q et al. Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure based biosensor for high-performance detection of circulating tumor DNA using all-carbon nanotube transistor[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 197, 113785(2022).
[79] Yang Y Q, Yang Y C, Liu M H et al. FRET-created traffic light immunoassay based on polymer dots for PSA detection[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 1493-1501(2020).
[80] Xiong H W, Huang Z P, Lin Q Y et al. Surface plasmon coupling electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on polymer dots and AuNPs for ultrasensitive detection of pancreatic cancer exosomes[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 94, 837-846(2022).
[81] Yang Y C, Liu M H, Yang S M et al. Bimodal multiplexed detection of tumor markers in non-small cell lung cancer with polymer dot-based immunoassay[J]. ACS Sensors, 6, 4255-4264(2021).
[82] Wong X Y, Quesada-González D, Manickam S et al. Integrating gold nanoclusters, folic acid and reduced graphene oxide for nanosensing of glutathione based on “turn-off” fluorescence[J]. Scientific Reports, 11, 2375(2021).
[83] Fakhri N, Abarghoei S, Dadmehr M et al. Paper based colorimetric detection of miRNA-21 using Ag/Pt nanoclusters[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 227, 117529(2020).
[84] Li F Y, Li G, Cao S J et al. Target-triggered entropy-driven amplification system-templated silver nanoclusters for multiplexed microRNA analysis[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 172, 112757(2021).
[85] Han Y X, Wang Y X, Liu X C et al. Green- and red-emitting fluorescent silicon nanoparticles: synthesis, mechanism, and acid phosphatase sensing[J]. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 5, 295-304(2022).
[86] Li D J, Chen H Y, Fan K et al. A supersensitive silicon nanowire array biosensor for quantitating tumor marker ctDNA[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 181, 113147(2021).
[87] Xu H W, Dong B, Xu S H et al. High purity microfluidic sorting and in situ inactivation of circulating tumor cells based on multifunctional magnetic composites[J]. Biomaterials, 138, 69-79(2017).
[88] Tian F, Cai L L, Chang J Q et al. Label-free isolation of rare tumor cells from untreated whole blood by interfacial viscoelastic microfluidics[J]. Lab on a Chip, 18, 3436-3445(2018).
[89] Lian W, Tu D T, Hu P et al. Broadband excitable NIR-Ⅱ luminescent nano-bioprobes based on CuInSe2 quantum dots for the detection of circulating tumor cells[J]. Nano Today, 35, 100943(2020).
[90] Guo H H, Song X R, Lei W et al. Direct detection of circulating tumor cells in whole blood using time-resolved luminescent lanthanide nanoprobes[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 58, 12195-12199(2019).
[91] Li C T, Wang J X, Lu X M et al. Hydrogen peroxide-response nanoprobe for CD44-targeted circulating tumor cell detection and H2O2 analysis[J]. Biomaterials, 255, 120071(2020).
[92] Li Z, Wang G L, Shen Y et al. DNA-templated magnetic nanoparticle-quantum dot polymers for ultrasensitive capture and detection of circulating tumor cells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 28, 1707152(2018).
[93] Wu L L, Ding H M, Qu X et al. Fluidic multivalent membrane nanointerface enables synergetic enrichment of circulating tumor cells with high efficiency and viability[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142, 4800-4806(2020).
[94] Zhang R, Le B A, Xu W et al. Magnetic “squashing” of circulating tumor cells on plasmonic substrates for ultrasensitive NIR fluorescence detection[J]. Small Methods, 3, 1800474(2019).
[95] Ding C P, Zhang C L, Yin X Y et al. Near-infrared fluorescent Ag2S nanodot-based signal amplification for efficient detection of circulating tumor cells[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 6702-6709(2018).
[96] Xia W X, Li H D, Li Y Q et al. In vivo coinstantaneous identification of hepatocellular carcinoma circulating tumor cells by dual-targeting magnetic-fluorescent nanobeads[J]. Nano Letters, 21, 634-641(2021).
[97] Shen H C, Su R, Peng J et al. Antibody-engineered red blood cell interface for high-performance capture and release of circulating tumor cells[J]. Bioactive Materials, 11, 32-40(2022).
[98] Chen P P, Wang Y, He Y Q et al. Homogeneous visual and fluorescence detection of circulating tumor cells in clinical samples via selective recognition reaction and enzyme-free amplification[J]. ACS Nano, 15, 11634-11643(2021).
[99] Yu Y Y, Yang Y, Ding J H et al. Design of a biocompatible and ratiometric fluorescent probe for the capture, detection, release, and reculture of rare number CTCs[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 13290-13298(2018).
[100] Nan F C, Xue X K, Ge J C et al. Recent advances of red/near infrared light responsive carbon dots for tumor therapy[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 42, 1155-1171(2021).
[101] Pons T, Bouccara S, Loriette V et al. In vivo imaging of single tumor cells in fast-flowing bloodstream using near-infrared quantum dots and time-gated imaging[J]. ACS Nano, 13, 3125-3131(2019).
[102] Han R X, Peng J R, Xiao Y et al. Ag2S nanoparticles as an emerging single-component theranostic agent[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 31, 1717-1728(2020).
[103] Ding C P, Zhang C L, Cheng S S et al. Multivalent aptamer functionalized Ag2S nanodots/hybrid cell membrane-coated magnetic nanobioprobe for the ultrasensitive isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 30, 1909781(2020).
[104] Wu L L, Wen C Y, Hu J et al. Nanosphere-based one-step strategy for efficient and nondestructive detection of circulating tumor cells[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 94, 219-226(2017).
[105] Liu P F, Wang L, Zhao K R et al. High luminous efficiency Au@CDs for sensitive and label-free electrochemiluminescent detection of circulating tumor cells in serum[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 316, 128131(2020).
[106] Wan J C M, Massie C, Garcia-Corbacho J et al. Liquid biopsies come of age: towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 17, 223-238(2017).
[107] Merker J D, Oxnard G R, Compton C et al. Circulating tumor DNA analysis in patients with cancer: American society of clinical oncology and college of American pathologists joint review[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36, 1631-1641(2018).
[108] Cheng M L, Pectasides E, Hanna G J et al. Circulating tumor DNA in advanced solid tumors: clinical relevance and future directions[J]. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 176-190(2021).
[109] Lyu N N, Rajendran V K, Diefenbach R J et al. Multiplex detection of ctDNA mutations in plasma of colorectal cancer patients by PCR/SERS assay[J]. Nanotheranostics, 4, 224-232(2020).
[110] Varona M, Eitzmann D R, Pagariya D et al. Solid-phase microextraction enables isolation of BRAF V600E circulating tumor DNA from human plasma for detection with a molecular beacon loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 3346-3353(2020).
[111] Wood-Bouwens C M, Haslem D, Moulton B et al. Therapeutic monitoring of circulating DNA mutations in metastatic cancer with personalized digital PCR[J]. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 22, 247-261(2020).
[112] Kurtz D M, Soo J, Keh L C T et al. Enhanced detection of minimal residual disease by targeted sequencing of phased variants in circulating tumor DNA[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 39, 1537-1547(2021).
[113] Wang Y S, Kong S L, Su X D. Structure-selective differentiation of deletion mutations in circulating tumor DNA using dual probe-based isothermal amplification[J]. Chemical Communications, 57, 6796-6799(2021).
[114] Ou C Y, Vu T, Grunwald J T et al. An ultrasensitive test for profiling circulating tumor DNA using integrated comprehensive droplet digital detection[J]. Lab on a Chip, 19, 993-1005(2019).
[115] Zhang Y Y, Lu H T, Yang F et al. Uniform palladium nanosheets for fluorimetric detection of circulating tumor DNA[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1139, 164-168(2020).
[116] Liu G X, Ma X Y, Tang Y G et al. Ratiometric fluorescence method for ctDNA analysis based on the construction of a DNA four-way junction[J]. The Analyst, 145, 1174-1178(2020).
[117] Chen X R, Yang L, Liang S et al. Entropy-driven strand displacement reaction for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA based on upconversion and Fe3O4 nanocrystals[J]. Science China Materials, 64, 2593-2600(2021).
[118] Wang J W, Hua G P, Li L H et al. Upconversion nanoparticle and gold nanocage satellite assemblies for sensitive ctDNA detection in serum[J]. The Analyst, 145, 5553-5562(2020).
[119] Kalluri R. The biology and function of exosomes in cancer[J]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 126, 1208-1215(2016).
[120] Bai Y A, Lu Y X, Wang K et al. Rapid isolation and multiplexed detection of exosome tumor markers via queued beads combined with quantum dots in a microarray[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 11, 59(2019).
[121] LeBleu V S, Kalluri R. Exosomes as a multicomponent biomarker platform in cancer[J]. Trends in Cancer, 6, 767-774(2020).
[122] Qian C G, Xiao Y J, Wang J et al. Rapid exosomes concentration and in situ detection of exosomal microRNA on agarose-based microfluidic chip[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 333, 129559(2021).
[123] Yang L M, Yin X H, An B et al. Precise capture and direct quantification of tumor exosomes via a highly efficient dual-aptamer recognition-assisted ratiometric immobilization-free electrochemical strategy[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 93, 1709-1716(2021).
[124] Zhang H, Zhou Y J, Luo D et al. Immunoassay-aptasensor for the determination of tumor-derived exosomes based on the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and hybridization chain reaction[J]. RSC Advances, 11, 4983-4990(2021).
[125] Zhao W J, Zhang L Q, Ye Y F et al. Microsphere mediated exosome isolation and ultra-sensitive detection on a dielectrophoresis integrated microfluidic device[J]. The Analyst, 146, 5962-5972(2021).
[126] Chen H, Luo D, Shang B et al. Immunoassay-type biosensor based on magnetic nanoparticle capture and the fluorescence signal formed by horseradish peroxidase catalysis for tumor-related exosome determination[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 187, 282(2020).
[127] Zhang J L, Zhu Y F, Shi J J et al. Sensitive signal amplifying a diagnostic biochip based on a biomimetic periodic nanostructure for detecting cancer exosomes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 33473-33482(2020).
[128] Wang Y H, Luo D W, Fang Y et al. An aptasensor based on upconversion nanoparticles as LRET donors for the detection of exosomes[J]. Sensors and Actuators B, 298, 126900(2019).
[129] Li B, Liu C C, Pan W L et al. Facile fluorescent aptasensor using aggregation-induced emission luminogens for exosomal proteins profiling towards liquid biopsy[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 168, 112520(2020).
[130] Cheng S S, Kong Q Q, Hu X Y et al. An ultrasensitive strand displacement signal amplification-assisted synchronous fluorescence assay for surface proteins of small extracellular vesicle analysis and cancer identification[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 94, 1085-1091(2022).
[131] Han Z W, Wan F N, Deng J Q et al. Ultrasensitive detection of mRNA in extracellular vesicles using DNA tetrahedron-based thermophoretic assay[J]. Nano Today, 38, 101203(2021).
[132] Liu C, Zhao J X, Tian F et al. λ-DNA- and aptamer-mediated sorting and analysis of extracellular vesicles[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 3817-3821(2019).
[133] Lu Y X, Ye L, Jian X Y et al. Integrated microfluidic system for isolating exosome and analyzing protein marker PD-L1[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 204, 113879(2022).
[134] Wang Y J, Wei Z K, Luo X D et al. An ultrasensitive homogeneous aptasensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer[J]. Talanta, 195, 33-39(2019).
[135] Wang K X, Ding Y D, Yang W Q et al. Fluorescence-infrared absorption dual-mode nanoprobes based on carbon dots@SiO2 nanorods for ultrasensitive and reliable detection of carcinoembryonic antigen[J]. Talanta, 230, 122342(2021).
[136] Zhou S Y, Tu D T, Liu Y et al. Ultrasensitive point-of-care test for tumor marker in human saliva based on luminescence-amplification strategy of lanthanide nanoprobes[J]. Advanced Science, 8, 2002657(2021).
[137] Sun K X, Li J L. A new method based on guanine rich aptamer structural change for carcinoembryonic antigen detection[J]. Talanta, 236, 122867(2022).
[138] Iwanaga M. All-dielectric metasurface fluorescence biosensors for high-sensitivity antibody/antigen detection[J]. ACS Nano, 14, 17458-17467(2020).
[139] Miao H, Wang L, Zhuo Y et al. Label-free fluorimetric detection of CEA using carbon dots derived from tomato juice[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 86, 83-89(2016).
[140] Zhan Y J, Yang S T, Luo F et al. Emission wavelength switchable carbon dots combined with biomimetic inorganic nanozymes for a two-photon fluorescence immunoassay[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 30085-30094(2020).
[141] Xie L J, Li R F, Zheng B Y et al. One-step transformation from rofecoxib to a COX-2 NIR probe for human cancer tissue/organoid targeted bioimaging[J]. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 4, 2723-2731(2021).
[142] Xie L J, Li R F, Zheng B Y et al. Development of rofecoxib-based fluorescent probes and investigations on their solvatochromism, AIE activity, mechanochromism, and COX-2-targeted bioimaging[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 93, 11991-12000(2021).
[143] Zhang X R, Sun J, Liu J S et al. Label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on conductive Ag contained EMT-style nano-zeolites and the application for α-fetoprotein detection[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255, 2919-2926(2018).
[144] Li G Y, Zeng J X, Liu H L et al. A fluorometric aptamer nanoprobe for alpha-fetoprotein by exploiting the FRET between 5-carboxyfluorescein and palladium nanoparticles[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 186, 314(2019).
[145] Wang K, Li Y Z, Wang X W et al. Automatic time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay of serum alpha fetoprotein-L3 variant via LCA magnetic cationic polymeric liposomes improves the diagnostic accuracy of liver cancer[J]. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 4933-4941(2020).
[146] Li S Q, Liu X, Liu S L et al. Fluorescence sensing strategy based on aptamer recognition and mismatched catalytic hairpin assembly for highly sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1141, 21-27(2021).
[147] Afsharipour R, Shabani A M H, Dadfarnia S. A selective off-on fluorescent aptasensor for alpha-fetoprotein determination based on N-carbon quantum dots and oxidized nanocellulose[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 428, 113872(2022).
[148] Wang W, Cai X Y, Li Q L et al. Application of a microfluidic paper-based bioimmunosensor with laser-induced fluorescence detection in the determination of alpha-fetoprotein from serum of hepatopaths[J]. Talanta, 221, 121660(2021).
[149] Yang Y, Zhu J, Zhao J et al. Growth of spherical gold satellites on the surface of Au@Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanostructures used for an ultrasensitive SERS immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11, 3617-3626(2019).
[150] Zhou L, Ji F H, Zhang T et al. An fluorescent aptasensor for sensitive detection of tumor marker based on the FRET of a sandwich structured QDs-AFP-AuNPs[J]. Talanta, 197, 444-450(2019).
[151] Zhu D, Hu Y, Zhang X J et al. Colorimetric and fluorometric dual-channel detection of α-fetoprotein based on the use of ZnS-CdTe hierarchical porous nanospheres[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 186, 124(2019).
[152] Tawfik S M, Elmasry M R, Sharipov M et al. Dual emission nonionic molecular imprinting conjugated polythiophenes-based paper devices and their nanofibers for point-of-care biomarkers detection[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 160, 112211(2020).
[153] Balk S P, Ko Y J, Bubley G J. Biology of prostate-specific antigen[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 383-391(2003).
[154] Lilja H, Ulmert D, Vickers A J. Prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer: prediction, detection and monitoring[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8, 268-278(2008).
[155] Rong Z, Bai Z K, Li J N et al. Dual-color magnetic-quantum dot nanobeads as versatile fluorescent probes in test strip for simultaneous point-of-care detection of free and complexed prostate-specific antigen[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 145, 111719(2019).
[156] Hu S T, Xu H W, Zhou B S et al. Double stopband bilayer photonic crystal based upconversion fluorescence PSA sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 326, 128816(2021).
[157] Turan E, Zengin A, Suludere Z et al. Construction of a sensitive and selective plasmonic biosensor for prostate specific antigen by combining magnetic molecularly-imprinted polymer and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Talanta, 237, 122926(2022).
[158] Lovell S, Zhang L R, Kryza T et al. A suite of activity-based probes to dissect the KLK activome in drug-resistant prostate cancer[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143, 8911-8924(2021).
[159] Kawatani M, Yamamoto K, Yamada D et al. Fluorescence detection of prostate cancer by an activatable fluorescence probe for PSMA carboxypeptidase activity[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 10409-10416(2019).
[160] Chen C X, Zhao D, Wang B et al. Alkaline phosphatase-triggered in situ formation of silicon-containing nanoparticles for a fluorometric and colorimetric dual-channel immunoassay[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 4639-4646(2020).
[161] Zhang B, Tang W S, Ding S N. Rational design of fluorescent barcodes for suspension array through a simple simulation strategy[J]. The Analyst, 146, 4796-4802(2021).
[162] Jiang Y T, Tang Y G, Miao P. Polydopamine nanosphere@silver nanoclusters for fluorescence detection of multiplex tumor markers[J]. Nanoscale, 11, 8119-8123(2019).
[163] Wu W J, Liu X Y, Shen M F et al. Multicolor quantum dot nanobeads based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for highly sensitive multiplexed detection[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 338, 129827(2021).
[164] Zhang Y Z, Ye W Q, Yang C G et al. Simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple tumor markers in microfluidic nanoliter-volume droplets[J]. Talanta, 205, 120096(2019).
[165] He J H, Cheng Y Y, Zhang Q Q et al. Carbon dots-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer for the prostate specific antigen (PSA) with high sensitivity[J]. Talanta, 219, 121276(2020).
[166] Zhang W J, Huo F J, Cheng F Q et al. Employing an ICT-FRET integration platform for the real-time tracking of SO2 metabolism in cancer cells and tumor models[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142, 6324-6331.(2020).
[167] Fang C C, Chou C C, Yang Y Q et al. Multiplexed detection of tumor markers with multicolor polymer dot-based immunochromatography test strip[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 2134-2140(2018).
[168] Ao L J, Liao T, Huang L et al. Sensitive and simultaneous detection of multi-index lung cancer biomarkers by an NIR-Ⅱ fluorescence lateral-flow immunoassay platform[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 436, 135204(2022).