Soil fertility is the basic property and qualitative characteristic of soil, and the establishment of its assessment indicators system is an important support for the comprehensive observation and unified management of natural resources. Based on the bibliometric method, this paper made a statistical analysis of the relevant literature in the CNKI database, summarized the main indicators used by domestic scholars in assessing soil fertility, and discussed three different properties of soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology. The results showed that organic matter, total nitrogen and available kalium were important indicators of soil chemical properties, bulk density, soil moisture content and texture were important indicators of soil physical properties, urease, invertase and metabolic quotient were important indicators of soil biological properties. On this basis, guided by the requirements of natural resources comprehensive observation in China, and following the principles of comprehensive, stability, independence and accessibility, the preliminary construction scheme of the soil fertility quality assessment indicators system was proposed, aiming at providing scientific basis for long-term soil resource positioning observation and quality evaluation.