Fungi are a group of pathogenic microorganisms with nuclei and cell walls. They are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in animals, plants, and humans. Fungal infection is one of the most common clinical infectious diseases, making the efficient detection method and related research of fungi attract more attention in recent years. At present, fungi traditional detection methods mainly include culture, microscopy and molecular biology detection, which have the disadvantages of complex operation and time-consuming. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology has gradually played an important role in fungal detection and identification due to its advantages such as no interference from water, providing molecular fingerprint information and rapid detection. In this paper, based on the brief introduction of the structural characteristics and the common detection methods of fungi, Raman/SERS technology in the identification and detection of fungi was investigated and discussed. Firstly, through the analysis of the characteristics of Raman/SERS and the structure of fungi, according to the related references, the feasibility of SERS technology for fungal detection was analyzed. It was found that there are some problems in the detection of fungi by SERS, such as low sensitivity, complex signal, poor selectivity and specificity, poor signal reproducibility and stability. To solve these problems, the enhancement mechanism of SERS was analyzed. In particular, the review and prospect of the new advances in SERS analysis focused on the nano-enhanced medium materials of SERS, the signal amplification effect of SERS tag and the combination of SERS spectral microfluidic chip analysis technology. The selection of nanomaterials and the construction of nanostructures showed that the SERS enhancement effect produced by the SERS enhancement substrate has great potential in fungal identification and rapid diagnosis of clinical disease. Based on the SERS tag’s signal amplification mechanism, the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of fungal SERS detection can be greatly improved. More importantly, the design and integration of SERS nano-enhanced substrates on microfluidic chips and the construction of signal amplification strategy based on SERS tags are more likely to achieve high-throughput and high-content SERS detection of fungal samples, which shows great research value and application prospects in the identification and detection of fungi.