Fig. 1. Stray light engineering process flowchart
Fig. 2. Basic radiative transfer
［13］ Fig. 3. Typical stray light phenomenon
［7，9-10］ Fig. 4. Classification of stray light suppression methods
Fig. 5. Distribution map of diffraction spikes
［15-16］ Fig. 6. Optical system of LISA
［19］ Fig. 7. Different shapes of baffle
［6，22-25］ Fig. 8. Structure of the vanes in the outer baffle
［26］ Fig. 9. Honeycomb light blocking structure
［27-28］ Fig. 10. Scattering analysis of honeycomb baffle
［29］ Fig. 11. Reflective baffles with vanes
［31-32］ Fig. 12. Transmissive two-class three-stage baffle and catadioptric system with inner and outer baffle
［33-34］ Fig. 13. Ultra-light baffle
［35-37］ Fig. 14. Combined application of total reflection technology and two-stage hood baffle
［38-39］ Fig. 15. Expandable sunshields
［40-42］ Fig. 16. Deployable sunshield on GF-7 satellite remote sensing camera
［44-46］ Fig. 17. Adjustment system with hexapod structure
［47］ Fig. 18. Prototype of a deployable telescope based on a ribbon spring
［51］ Fig. 19. Deployable membrane sunshield of “MEAYIN Project”
［52-53］ Fig. 20. Schematic of sunflower-shaped planet starshade instrument on orbit
［55-57］ Fig. 21. Ground test of the sunflower-shaped starshade
［54］ Fig. 22. Contrast simulation of the sunflower starshade
［55-57］ Fig. 23. Application of Lyot stop in stray light elimination system
［58］ Fig. 24. Application of various means of suppression for stray light in SABER telescope
［59］ Fig. 25. Large field of view coronagraph optical system
［60-61］ Fig. 26. SEM images of different phosphorus compositions in nickel-phosphorus black paint
［62，64］ Fig. 27. Automated robot-assisted thermal spray technology
［71］ Fig. 28. New super black coating HD-CB99A
［72］ Fig. 29. Test spectral curve before and after vacuum-UV，vacuum-electron and vacuum-proton irradia of SCB-1 and PNC
［74-75］ Fig. 30. Application of Vantablack paint
［82］ Fig. 31. Single-walled carbon nanotube coatings
［83］ Fig. 32. Carbon nanotube（CNT）baffle
［84］ Fig. 33. Fs laser processing system and morphology of micro/nano structures in circularly polarized laser
［85-86］ Fig. 34. Reflection spectra of micro/nano structures at different experimental conditions
［85-86］ Fig. 35. James Webb Space Telescope coated with golden thin
［87］ Fig. 36. Setup of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition（PECVD）
［90-91］ Fig. 37. Reflectivity distribution of graded-index coating
［94］ Fig. 38. Influence of the surface topography and particulate contaminants
［9，102-103］ Fig. 39. Suppression of surface particle pollutant scattering by single-layer film
［105-106］ Fig. 40. CO
2 snow cleaning
［87］ Fig. 41. Electrostatic dust removal technology and application
［112，114］ Fig. 42. Image method to eliminate ghost image
Fig. 43. An example of image method to eliminate ghost image
［7］ Fig. 44. An example of temperature control method
［115］ Fig. 45. One-meter vacuum solar telescope NVST
［117］ Fig. 46. Comprehensive thermal suppression in VIRCAM
［22］ Fig. 47. Gold plating of MAKO spectrometer
［115］ Fig. 48. Application of bandpass filtering to suppress stray light in TRACE
［118-119］ Fig. 49. Application of bandpass filtering to suppress stray light in SDO-AIA
［120］ Fig. 50. Judgment and exclusion of false signal generated by sunlight
［121］ Fig. 51. Polarized optical imaging eliminates glare
［123］ Fig. 52. Instant dehazing of images using polarization
［123］ Fig. 53. Application of circularly polarized light in the restoration of polarized imaging in turbid media
［125］ Fig. 54. Polarization-based imaging for clear underwater vision in natural illumination
［126］ Fig. 55. Image comparison before and after using the edge method
［127］ Fig. 56. Numerical aperture method to suppress stray light
Fig. 57. Application of nonlinear optimization algorithm in image correction
［130］ Fig. 58. Application of deconvolution algorithm in image correction of asteroid Vesta
［131］ Fig. 59. Application of sub-image adaptive algorithms in multispectral image correction of SJ-9A
［132-134］ Fig. 60. Correction of stray light by matrix method
［135］ Fig. 61. Geometry for the definition of BRDF，BTDF and BSDF
［26，136-137］ Fig. 62. Picture of the scatterometer
［139-140］ Fig. 63. Structure of the BRDF Scatterometer
Fig. 64. Facility of the veiling glare index
［1，173］ Fig. 65. The measurement which uses box type as exposure source
［11，175-176］ Fig. 66. Point source transmittance stray light test facility of the Utah State University
［68］ Fig. 67. Point source transmittance stray light test facility of the BATC
［177-178］ Fig. 68. Point source transmittance stray light test station developed by XIOPM
［179］ Fig. 69. Self-developed of black glass and its application in PST test system
［180-181］ Fig. 70. Optical axis alignment device of collimator and optomechanical system in stray light test
［182］ Fig. 71. Accuracy analysis of the point source transmittance test system
［183］ Fig. 72. Structure and result analysis based on time-resolved PST test system
［184］ Fig. 73. Point source transmittance test station in the form of vacuum chamber
［8，185-186］ | Name | Manufacturer | Country | Type | Waveband | Notes |
|---|
| Aeroglaze Z306 | Lord Corp. | US | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | Aeroglaze Z302 | Lord Corp. | US | Paint | VIS* | Specular black. ∗Published data available only for VIS. | | 463-3-8 | AkzoNobel Aerospace Coatings | Netherlands | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black. Often used for cold shields. | | 443-3-8 | AkzoNobel Aerospace Coatings | Netherlands | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Specular black | | Nextel Suede | Mankiewicz | Germany | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | Ball IR Black（BIRB） | Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. | US | Etched electroless nickel | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | MH21 | Alion Science and Technology Corp. | US | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | MH2200 | Alion Science and Technology Corp. | US | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | Pioneer Optical Black | Pioneer Metal Finishing | US | Anodize | VIS-SWIR | Diffuse black | | Light Absorbing Black-Out Material | Edmund Optics，Inc. | US | Flocking paper | VIS* | Diffuse black. ∗Published data available only for VIS. | | Cerablak | Applied Thin Films，Inc. | US | Fused powder | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black. Can withstand temperatures up to 1 400 C. | | Epner Laser Black | Epner Technology Inc. | UK | Black oxide | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black. Very low TIS，and very fragile. | | Ebonol-C | n Science Corp. | US | Anodize | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black. Very low TIS，and very fragile. | | Deep Space Black | n Science Corp. | US | Anodize | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black. Very low TIS，and very fragile. | | Tiodize | Tiodize Co.，Inc. | US | Anodize | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black，titanium substrate only. | | PT-401 | Products，Techniques Inc. | US | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Specular black | | AK-512 | | Russia | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black | | Metal Velvet | Acktar | Israel | Paint | VIS-NIR | Diffuse black | | PNC | MAP | France | Paint | VIS-NIR | Diffuse black | | SB-3/SB-3A | Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry | China | Paint | VIS-LWIR | Diffuse black |
|
Table 1. Widely used black surface treatments
［9］ | Name | Solar absorptivity | TML/% | CVCM/% | Application |
|---|
| ERB-2B | 0.94~0.96 | 1.63 | 0.01 | Spacecraft，satellites | | SB-3 | 0.96~0.97 | 2.34 | 0.04 | Spacecraft，satellites | | Es951 | 0.95~0.97 | - | - | Ground thermal，optical system，etc. | | SH96 | 0.94~0.96 | - | - | Ground thermal，optical system，etc. | | SB-3A | 0.97~0.98 | - | - | Optical system |
|
Table 2. Performance of black thermal control coating and its appliances in China
［62］ | Company | Scatterometer type | Performance |
|---|
| Surface Optics Corporation | SOC-200 BDR | Wavelength：0.30~10.6 μm Incident angles：0°~80° Scattering angles：-85°~+85° Azimuth angles：0°~360° | | Light Tec | REFLET 180S | Wavelength：0.40~1.80 μm Incident angles：0°~180° Scattering angles：-90°~+90° Azimuth angles：-90°~+90° Angular resolution：0.01° | | The Scatter Works Inc | TSW CASI | Wavelength：0.325~10.6 μm Incident angles：0°~85° Scattering angles：0°~360° Angular resolution：0.001° Linear resolution：0.01 mm | | TMA Technologies. Inc | TMA TASC | Wavelength：0.633 μm，0.850 μm，1.55 μm，3.39 μm，10.6 μm Incident angles：0°~135° Azimuth angles：0°~360° Test accuracy：1% Dynamic range：1012 | | Fraunhofer Institute | ALBATROSS | Wavelength：0.325~10.6 μm Incident angles：0°~85° Scattering angles：-90°~90°（ISO5） |
|
Table 3. The main commercial BRDF measurement devices
［139，143］ | Software type | Company | Compatibility | Modeling ability | Analysis | Usage |
|---|
| FRED | Photon Engineering | CODE V、Zemax、OSLO | Poor | Moderate | More in abroad | | ASAP | Breault Research Organization | CODE V、Zemax、SAYNOPSYSTM、SOLIDWORKS | Poor | Best | More in abroad | | LightTools | Optical Research Associates | CODE V、Zemax | Better | Better | Less | | TracePro | Lambda Research Corporation | CODE V、Zemax、OSLO、SOLIDWORKS | Better | Better | More in domestic |
|
Table 4. Comparison of various stray light analysis softwares
［169］ 
