Fig. 1. The image of experimental layout: (1) gas cylinder; (2) light source; (3) camera; (4) pressure testing system; (5) computer; (6) concave mirror; (7) liquid sample; (8) shock tube.
Fig. 2. Systematic structure diagram of phase doppler particle analyzer.
Fig. 3. Experimental photos of shock waves in blank test using YA-16 multiple-spark high speed camera (without liquid samples).
Fig. 4. Water film and glycerol film after the interaction of shock waves (Ma = 1.73).
Fig. 5. Breakup of the glycerol film induced by shock waves with different Mach numbers. (a) Ma = 1.54, thickness = 2 mm, (b) Ma = 1.54, thickness = 10 mm, (c) Ma = 1.73, thickness = 10 mm, (d) Ma = 1.8, thickness = 10 mm.
Fig. 6. The shock wave travels upward and toward the interface and applies a pressure gradient across the density gradient.
Fig. 7. (a) A linear thin liquid shell instability model proposed by Gardner, (b) liquid shell in expansion from Samirant by flash x-ray photograph.
Fig. 8. Diameter of Glycerol droplets formed in zones with 5 kinds of distances from the exit of shock tube (thickness of liquid samples = 2 mm, Ma = 1.54).
Fig. 9. Average diameter of the liquid samples with different thicknesses (Ma = 1.73).
Fig. 10. Droplet size with volume percentage of glycerol.
Fig. 11. Vertical velocity with different thicknesses of liquid samples (Ma = 1.73).
Fig. 12. Horizontal velocity with different thicknesses of liquid samples (Ma = 1.73).
Fig. 13. Vertical velocity with different volume percentages of glycerol (thickness of liquid film = 2 mm).
Fig. 14. Horizontal velocity with different volume percentages of glycerol (thickness of liquid film = 2 mm).
Thickness of liquid samples/mm | Equivalent diameter/mm | Corrected equivalent diameter/mm |
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2 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 4 | 9.2 | 5.3 | 6 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 8 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 10 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
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Table 1. Calculated diameters of liquid samples.
Liquid materials | ρ/(kg ⋅m−3) | μL/(10−4 kg ⋅m−1⋅s−1) | σ/(10−3 N⋅m−1) |
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Water | 997 | 8.94 | 70.8 | Glycerol | 1260 | 12500 | 62.0 | 30% glycerol | 1081 | 253 | 64.2 | 50% glycerol | 1134 | 66 | 65.2 | 70% glycerol | 1181 | 24 | 66.5 |
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Table 2. Parameters of liquid samples.
Number of Diaphragms | Average value of shock wave velocity/(m/s) | Average value of Mach number |
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1 | 524 | 1.54 | 2 | 588 | 1.73 | 3 | 612 | 1.80 |
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Table 3. The Mach numbers of shocks in the blank test.
Mach number | Thickness/mm | We | Oh | Re |
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1.54 | 2.7 | 6316.75 | 2.72 | 838.90 | 5.3 | 12399.55 | 1.94 | 1646.73 | 8.0 | 18716.30 | 1.58 | 2485.63 | 10.6 | 24799.10 | 1.37 | 3293.45 | 12.4 | 29010.27 | 1.27 | 3852.72 | 1.73 | 2.7 | 12298.93 | 2.72 | 1262.85 | 5.3 | 24142.34 | 1.94 | 2478.92 | 8.0 | 36441.27 | 1.58 | 3741.76 | 10.6 | 48284.69 | 1.37 | 4957.84 | 12.4 | 56483.97 | 1.27 | 5799.73 | 1.80 | 2.7 | 15071.95 | 2.72 | 1432.57 | 5.3 | 29585.68 | 1.94 | 2812.08 | 8.0 | 44657.64 | 1.58 | 4244.66 | 10.6 | 59171.37 | 1.37 | 5624.17 | 12.4 | 69219.33 | 1.27 | 6579.22 |
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Table 4. The dimensionless parameters of glycerol films under different Mach numbers.
Liquid materials | We | Oh | T | Dh/mm | Dv/mm |
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Water | 5531.62 | 0.002 | 2.233673 | 10 | 15 | Water | 10858.36 | 0.0015 | 1.137909 | 12 | 12 | Water | 16389.98 | 0.0012 | 0.753865 | 15 | 8 | Water | 21716.73 | 0.001 | 0.568954 | 15 | 6 | Water | 25404.47 | 0.001 | 0.486364 | 15 | 5 | Water | 10770.25 | 0.002 | 3.116781 | 9 | 15 | Water | 21141.60 | 0.0015 | 1.587794 | 11 | 14 | 30% Glycerol | 5889.3032 | 0.005448 | 2.145133 | 7 | 14 | 30% Glycerol | 11560.484 | 0.003888 | 1.092804 | 9 | 11 | 30% Glycerol | 17449.787 | 0.003165 | 0.723982 | 11 | 8 | 30% Glycerol | 23120.968 | 0.002749 | 0.546402 | 12 | 6 | 30% Glycerol | 27047.17 | 0.002542 | 0.467085 | 12 | 5 | 30% Glycerol | 11466.671 | 0.005448 | 2.993236 | 8 | 14 | 30% Glycerol | 22508.651 | 0.003888 | 1.524856 | 9 | 16 | 50% Glycerol | 6006.7279 | 0.014772 | 2.094405 | 6 | 14 | 50% Glycerol | 11790.984 | 0.010543 | 1.066961 | 7 | 11 | 50% Glycerol | 17797.712 | 0.008582 | 0.706862 | 9 | 7 | 50% Glycerol | 23581.969 | 0.007455 | 0.53348 | 9 | 5 | 50% Glycerol | 27586.454 | 0.006893 | 0.45604 | 9 | 5 | 50% Glycerol | 11695.301 | 0.014772 | 2.922452 | 6 | 14 | 50% Glycerol | 22957.443 | 0.010543 | 1.488796 | 7 | 13 | 70% Glycerol | 6100.2906 | 0.055917 | 2.052306 | 5 | 13 | 70% Glycerol | 11974.645 | 0.039911 | 1.045515 | 6 | 11 | 70% Glycerol | 18074.935 | 0.032485 | 0.692653 | 8 | 7 | 70% Glycerol | 23949.289 | 0.028221 | 0.522757 | 8 | 5 | 70% Glycerol | 28016.15 | 0.026093 | 0.446873 | 8 | 4 | 70% Glycerol | 11877.471 | 0.055917 | 2.863709 | 4 | 13 | 70% Glycerol | 23315.035 | 0.039911 | 1.458871 | 6 | 13 | Glycerol | 6316.75 | 2.72 | 1.986927 | 3 | 13 | Glycerol | 12399.55 | 1.94 | 1.012208 | 4 | 10 | Glycerol | 18716.3 | 1.58 | 0.670588 | 6 | 7 | Glycerol | 24799.1 | 1.37 | 0.506104 | 6 | 5 | Glycerol | 29010.27 | 1.27 | 0.432637 | 6 | 4 | Glycerol | 12298.93 | 2.72 | 2.772481 | 4 | 12 | Glycerol | 24142.34 | 1.94 | 1.412396 | 4 | 11 |
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Table 5. Partial data of parameters in the experiments.