Space-based target measurement has the advantages of being all-day and free from atmospheric interference, but compared with ground-based human-guarded ranging, the space-based target moves fast and the priori information such as distance prediction is not enough, which makes the traditional ranging methods fail to extract the target distance trajectory effectively. To address this problem, in this paper, a laser ranging distance trajectory extraction algorithm based on Hough transform is proposed, which uses the linear correlation between target echo points to introduce the linear detection algorithm into the extraction of echo trajectories, and has the characteristics of adapting to the characteristics of space-based detection and strong anti-noise capability. The experimental results show that the root mean square error of the distance trajectory extracted by this method is better than 2.72m. The above method can accurately extract the distance trajectories of high-speed moving targets, providing a new way to extract the distance trajectories of subsequent spatial non-cooperative targets.