[1] Vitousek P M, Mooney H A, Lubchenco J et al. Human domination of earth’s ecosystems[J]. Science, 277, 494-499(1997).

[2] Sachs J D. Sustainable development[J]. Science, 304, 649-649(2004).

[3] Liu J G, Dietz T, Carpenter S R et al. Complexity of coupled human and natural systems[J]. Science, 317, 1513-1516(2007).

[4] Levin S, Xepapadeas T, Crépin A-S et al. Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: Modeling and policy implications[J]. Environment and Development Economics, 18, 111-132(2013).

[5] Glaser M, Krause G, Ratter B et al. Human/Nature interaction in the anthropocene potential of social-ecological systems analysis[J]. Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17, 77-80(2008).

[6] Leslie H M, Basurto X, Nenadovic M et al. Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 5979-5984(2015).

[7] Reyers B, Folke C, Moore M L et al. Social-ecological systems insights for navigating the dynamics of the anthropocene[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43, 267-289(2018).

[8] Folke C, Carpenter S R, Walker B et al. Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability[J]. Ecology and Society, 15, 299-305(2010).

[11] Lv Y H, Fu B J, Feng X M et al. A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration: Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. PLoS One, 7, e31782(2012).

[12] Fu B J, Wang S, Liu Y et al. Hydrogeomorphic ecosystem responses to natural and anthropogenic changes in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45, 223-243(2017).

[13] Feng X M, Fu B J, Piao S L et al. Revegetation in China’s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits[J]. Nature Climate Change, 6, 1019-1022(2016).

[14] Chen Y P, Wang K B, Lin Y S et al. Balancing green and grain trade[J]. Nature Geoscience, 8, 739-741(2015).

[15] Fischer J, Gardner T A, Bennett E M et al. Advancing sustainability through mainstreaming a social-ecological systems perspective[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 144-149(2015).

[16] Mace G M. Whose conservation?[J]. Science, 345, 1558-1560(2014).

[17] Liu J G, Mooney H, Hull V et al. Systems integration for global sustainability[J]. Science(2015).

[18] Ostrom E. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems[J]. Science, 325, 419-422(2009).

[19] Berkes F, Folke C, Colding J[M]. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience(2000).

[20] Guerrero A M, Bennett N J, Wilson K A et al. Achieving the promise of integration in social-ecological research: A review and prospectus[J]. Ecology and Society(2018).

[21] Biggs R, Carpenter S R, Brock W A. Turning back from the brink: Detecting an impending regime shift in time to avert it[J]. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 106, 826-831(2009).

[22] Cinner J E, Huchery C, MacNeil M A et al. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs[J]. Nature, 535, 416-419(2016).

[23] Kajikawa Y, Tacoa F, Yamaguchi K. Sustainability science: The changing landscape of sustainability research[J]. Sustainability Science, 9, 431-438(2014).

[24] Folke C. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses[J]. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253-267(2006).

[25] Walker B, Carpenter S R, Anderies J M et al. Resilience management in social-ecological systems: A working hypojournal for a participatory approach[J]. Conservation Ecology, 6, 14-31(2002).

[26] McGinnis M D, Ostrom E. Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing challenges[J]. Ecology and Society(2014).

[27] Simone P, Nicola U, Kathryn L S et al. Frontiers in socio-environmental research: Components, connections, scale, and context[J]. Ecology and Society(2018).

[28] Machlis G E, Force J E, Burch W R. The human ecosystem Part I: The human ecosystem as an organizing concept in ecosystem management[J]. Society & Natural Resources, 10, 347-367(1997).

[29] Carpenter S, Walker B, Anderies J M et al. From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what?[J]. Ecosystems, 4, 765-781(2001).

[30] Gunderson L H, Holling C S[M]. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems(2001).

[31] Holling C S. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems[J]. Ecosystems, 4, 390-405(2001).

[32] de Groot R S, Wilson M A, Boumans R M J. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services[J]. Ecological Economics, 41, 393-408(2002).

[33] Turner B L, Kasperson R E, Matson P A et al. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 8074-8079(2003).

[34] Liu J G, Dietz T, Carpenter S R et al. Coupled human and natural systems[J]. Ambio, 36, 639-649(2007).

[35] Ostrom E. A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 15181-15187(2007).

[36] Angeler D G, Allen C R. Quantifying resilience[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53, 617-624(2016).

[37] Walker B H, Meyers J A. Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: A developing database[J]. Ecology and Society(2004).

[38] Walker B, Hollin C S, Carpenter S R et al. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems[J]. Ecology and Society(2004).

[39] Walker B, Salt D[M]. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World(2012).

[40] Darnhofer I, Fairweather J, Moller H. Assessing a farm’s sustainability: Insights from resilience thinking[J]. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8, 186-198(2010).

[41] Carpenter S R, Westley F, Turner M G. Surrogates for resilience of social-ecological systems[J]. Ecosystems, 8, 941-944(2005).

[42] Homayounfar M, Muneepeerakul R, Anderies J M et al. Linking resilience and robustness and uncovering their trade-offs in coupled infrastructure systems[J]. Earth System Dynamics, 9, 1159-1168(2018).

[43] Meyer K, Hoyer-Leitzel A, Iams S et al. Quantifying resilience to recurrent ecosystem disturbances using flow-kick dynamics[J]. Nature Sustainability, 1, 671-678(2018).

[44] Lade S J, Tavoni A, Levin S A et al. Regime shifts in a social-ecological system[J]. Theoretical Ecology, 6, 359-372(2013).

[45] Walker B, Pearson L, Harris M et al. Incorporating resilience in the assessment of inclusive wealth: An example from South East Australia[J]. Environmental and Resource Economics, 45, 183-202(2010).

[46] Filatova T, Polhill J G, van Ewijk S. Regime shifts in coupled socio-environmental systems: Review of modelling challenges and approaches[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 75, 333-347(2016).

[47] Gunderson L H, Cosens B A, Chaffin B C et al. Regime shifts and panarchies in regional scale social-ecological water systems[J]. Ecology and Society, 22, 1-31(2017).

[48] Biggs R, Peterson G D, Rocha J C. The regime shifts database: A framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems[J]. Ecology and Society(2018).

[49] Rocha J C, Peterson G D, Bodin O et al. Cascading regime shifts within and across scales[J]. Science, 362, 1379-1383(2018).

[50] Hull V, Liu J G. Telecoupling: A new frontier for global sustainability[J]. Ecology and Society(2018).

[51] Rockström J, Steffen W L, Noone K et al. A safe operating space for humanity[J]. Nature, 461, 472-475(2009).

[52] Rockström J, Steffen W L, Noone K et al. Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity[J]. Ecology and Society(2009).

[53] Bodin Ö, Crona B, Thyresson M et al. Conservation success as a function of good alignment of social and ecological structures and processes[J]. Conservation Biology, 28, 1371-1379(2014).

[54] Bodin Ö, Alexander S M, Baggio J et al. Improving network approaches to the study of complex social-ecological interdependencies[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2, 551-559(2019).

[55] Chaffin B C, Garmestani A S, Gunderson L H et al. Transformative environmental governance[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 399-423(2016).

[56] Ansell C, Gash A. Collaborative governance in theory and practice[J]. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 543-571(2008).

[57] Liu J G, Hull V, Batistella M et al. Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world[J]. Ecology and Society, 36, 7870-7885(2013).

[58] Ellis E C. Sharing the land between nature and people[J]. Science, 364, 1226-1228(2019).

[59] Lambin E F, Meyfroidt P. Land use transitions: Socio-ecological feedback versus socio-economic change[J]. Land Use Policy, 27, 108-118(2010).

[61] Gao L, Bryan B A. Finding pathways to national-scale land-sector sustainability[J]. Nature, 544, 217-222(2017).

[62] Kates R W. What kind of a science is sustainability science?[J]. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 108, 19449-19450(2011).

[63] Wang S, Fu B J, Piao S L et al. Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes[J]. Nature Geoscience, 9, 38-41(2015).

[64] Feng X M, Fu B J, Lu N et al. How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services: An analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau[J]. Scientific Reports(2013).

[65] Fu B J, Liu Y, Lv Y H et al. Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Ecological Complexity, 8, 284-293(2011).

[66] Feng Q, Zhao W W, Fu B J et al. Ecosystem service trade-offs and their influencing factors: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 1250-1263(2017).

[67] Lv N, Fu B J, Jin T T et al. Trade-off analyses of multiple ecosystem services by plantations along a precipitation gradient across Loess Plateau landscapes[J]. Landscape Ecology, 29, 1697-1708(2014).

[68] Hu H T, Fu B J, Lu Y H et al. SAORES: A spatially explicit assessment and optimization tool for regional ecosystem services[J]. Landscape Ecology, 30, 547-560(2014).

[69] Wu X T, Wang S, Fu B J et al. Socio-ecological changes on the Loess Plateau of China after Grain to Green Program[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 565-573(2019).

[70] Wu X T, Wang S, Fu B J et al. Pathways from payments for ecosystem services program to socioeconomic outcomes[J]. Ecosystem Services(2019).

[71] Bryan B A, Gao L, Ye Y Q et al. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency[J]. Nature, 559, 193-204(2018).

[72] Yang H B, Yang W, Zhang J D et al. Revealing pathways from payments for ecosystem services to socioeconomic outcomes[J]. Science Advances(2018).

[73] Cao S X. Impact of China’s large-scale ecological restoration program on the environment and society in arid and semiarid areas of China: Achievements, problems, synjournal, and applications[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 317-335(2011).

[74] Wang Y Q, Shao M A, Zhu Y J et al. Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 437-448(2011).