Author Affiliations
1Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China2Fujian Key Laboratory of Universities and Colleges for Transducer Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Transducer Technology, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Process of Raman spectral reconstruction algorithm based on KPCA
Fig. 2. The calibration Raman spectra of PMMA measured by different integration times and sample preparation methods
Fig. 3. The Raman spectrum of PMMA with random fluorescence background and noise and the Raman spectrum of PMMA without fluorescence background and noise
Fig. 4. Full reconstructed Raman spectra based on PINV, Wiener estimation, PCA and KPCA, respectively
Fig. 5. Multi-channel narrow-band image
Fig. 6. The Raman images reconstructed by PINV, Wiener estimation and KPCA, respectively
Fig. 7. Full Raman spectra based on pixel 1 and 2 reconstructed by PINV, Wiener estimation and KPCA, respectively
Raman spectra | r0 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 | Integration times | 10 s | 3 s | 10 s | 10 s | 10 s | Preparation methods | Original package | Original package | Valve bag | Quartz tube | Glass tube |
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Table 1. The calibration Raman spectra of PMMA measured by different integration times and sample preparation methods
Method | r0 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 | Mean | PINV | 0.015 9 | 0.015 8 | 0.017 8 | 0.008 5 | 0.018 6 | 0.015 3 | Wiener estimation | 0.014 2 | 0.013 9 | 0.010 3 | 0.012 9 | 0.019 0 | 0.014 1 | PCA | 0.009 9 | 0.010 9 | 0.011 0 | 0.010 8 | 0.009 1 | 0.010 4 | KPCA | 0.005 0 | 0.004 2 | 0.006 9 | 0.006 7 | 0.015 7 | 0.007 7 |
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Table 2. RMSEs offull reconstructed Raman spectra based on PINV, wiener estimation, PCA and KPCA
Method | SNR | PINV | Wiener estimation | PCA | KPCA | Test 1 | 13.072 6 | 0.015 3 | 0.014 1 | 0.010 4 | 0.007 7 | Test 2 | 10.614 0 | 0.021 8 | 0.016 4 | 0.010 1 | 0.007 8 | Test 3 | 9.637 3 | 0.029 7 | 0.018 6 | 0.011 0 | 0.007 6 | Test 4 | 8.236 5 | 0.037 1 | 0.021 3 | 0.012 0 | 0.008 0 | Test 5 | 7.770 5 | 0.042 7 | 0.024 7 | 0.014 7 | 0.009 7 | Test 6 | 7.457 4 | 0.048 6 | 0.028 8 | 0.018 7 | 0.013 5 | Test 7 | 6.702 9 | 0.055 5 | 0.033 4 | 0.026 4 | 0.016 3 | Test 8 | 5.921 4 | 0.064 2 | 0.039 3 | 0.032 5 | 0.021 3 | Test 9 | 5.506 3 | 0.075 1 | 0.046 9 | 0.041 5 | 0.029 7 | Test 10 | 5.121 0 | 0.088 1 | 0.058 6 | 0.055 5 | 0.044 3 |
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Table 3. RMSEs of full reconstructed Raman spectra based on PINV, wiener estimation, PCA and KPCA under conditions of different noise
Method | PINV | Wiener estimation | KPCA | Pixel 1 | 0.032 9 | 0.018 2 | 0.008 4 | Pixel 2 | 0.042 8 | 0.022 5 | 0.011 1 |
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Table 4. RMSEs of full Raman spectra based on pixel 1 and pixel 2 reconstructed by PINV, Wiener estimation and KPCA, respectively