The mechanical property of concrete after high temperature treatment is one of the important indexes to evaluate the safety performance of concrete structure in engineering construction. The mechanical properties of concrete with different basalt fiber (BF) content were tested. The optimal basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) and ordinary concrete (OC) were subjected to high temperature treatment (200, 400, 600, 800 ℃). The effects of different cooling methods (natural cooling and spray cooling) on the performance degradation of BFRC after high temperature were studied, and the mechanical properties of BFRC under different temperatures and cooling methods were analyzed. The results show that when the content of BF is 0.05% (volume fraction), the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of BFRC reach the maximum values of 50.2 and 3.5 MPa, which are 14.87% and 34.62% higher than those of OC, respectively. The incorporation of BF can effectively increase the toughness of concrete and the ability to resist cracking. With the increase of temperature, the elastic modulus of BFRC specimen decreases, but the elastic modulus of BFRC specimen is always greater than that of OC specimen. The peak strain of OC is greater than that of BFRC under the same cooling method, and the ductility index under different cooling methods is higher than that under normal temperature.