Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental system for RBM convection: (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental system based on shadowgraph method; (b) schematic diagram of the experimental system based on particle tracer method; (c) size of the glass slit.RBM对流的实验系统图　(a) 阴影法实验系统图; (b) 示踪粒子法实验系统图; (c) 玻璃狭缝尺寸图

Fig. 2. Interfacial tension coefficient between water and toluene phases under different acetone concentrations of aqueous phase with T = 20 ℃. T = 20 ℃时不同水相丙酮浓度下水-甲苯两相间的界面张力系数

Fig. 3. Density of aqueous solution with different acetone concentrations with T = 20 ℃. T = 20 ℃时不同丙酮浓度的水相溶液的密度

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram and experimental result of density stratification caused by mass transfer: (a) Schematic diagram of density stratification; (b) experimental image.传质过程引起的密度分层示意图与实验结果　(a) 密度分层示意图; (b) 实验图像

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of Rayleigh-Taylor instability caused by density stratification. is vorticity, P is pressure, is density, u is velocity and g is acceleration of gravity; the thick circular arrows represent the velocity field created by the vortex. 密度分层引起的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性示意图 是涡流, P是压力, 是密度, u是速度, g是重力加速度; 粗的环形箭头表示涡旋产生的速度场

Fig. 6. The forming process of the mound “interface” (the initial volume concentration of acetone in aqueous phase , the initial volume concentration of acetone in the toluene phase ): (a) t = 13 s; (b) t = 30 s; (c) t = 36 s; (d) t = 42 s. 丘状“界面”的形成过程(水相丙酮初始体积浓度 , 甲苯相丙酮初始体积浓度 )　(a) t = 13 s; (b) t = 30 s; (c) t = 36 s; (d) t = 42 s

Fig. 7. The evolution of the plume flow ( , ): (a) t = 0 s; (b) t = 18 s; (c) t = 20 s; (d) t = 22 s. 羽状流的演变过程 ( , )　(a) t = 0 s; (b) t = 18 s; (c) t = 20 s; (d) t = 22 s

Fig. 8. The evolution of the weak plume flow ( , ): (a) t = 348 s; (b) t = 356 s; (c) t = 363 s; (d) t = 370 s. 弱羽状流的演变过程( , )　(a) t = 348 s; (b) t = 356 s; (c) t = 363 s; (d) t = 370 s

Fig. 9. The velocity vector and vorticity contours of the plume flow ( , ). 羽状流的速度矢量及涡量云图( , )

Fig. 10. The evolution of the strong plume flow ( , ): (a) t = 22 s; (b) t = 23 s; (c) t = 26 s. 强羽状流的演变过程( , )　(a) t = 22 s; (b) t = 23 s; (c) t = 26 s

Fig. 11. The evolution of the strong plume flow to the weak plume flow ( , ): (a) t = 228 s; (b) t = 234 s; (c) t = 238 s; (d) t = 245 s. 强羽状流向弱羽状流的演变过程( , )　(a) t = 228 s; (b) t = 234 s; (c) t = 238 s; (d) t = 245 s

Fig. 12. Convergence process of convective structure at the beginning of the mass transfer ( , ): (a) t = 15 s; (b) t = 20 s; (c) t = 24 s; (d) t = 30 s. 传质初期对流结构的聚并过程( , ) 　(a) t = 15 s; (b) t = 20 s; (c) t = 24 s; (d) t = 30 s

Fig. 13. The disappearance of convective cloud and the appearance of the strong plume ( , ): (a) t = 101 s; (b) t = 196 s; (c) t = 259 s; (d) t = 350 s. 对流团的消失以及强羽状流的出现( , ) 　(a) t = 101 s; (b) t = 196 s; (c) t = 259 s; (d) t = 350 s

Fig. 14. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in aqueous phase on the elongation velocity of the first RBM convective structure.水相丙酮初始浓度对第一个RBM对流结构向下延伸速度的影响

Fig. 15. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in aqueous phase on the number of the plumes.水相丙酮初始浓度对羽状流数量的影响

Fig. 16. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in aqueous phase on water-toluene interface morphology: (a) Interfacial roughness; (b) the degree of interface fluctuation.水相丙酮初始浓度对水-甲苯界面形貌的影响　(a)界面粗糙度; (b)界面波动程度

Fig. 17. Schlieren images under different initial concentrations of acetone in the toluene phase (t = 35 s, ): (a) (b) ; (c) ; (d) . 不同甲苯相丙酮初始浓度下的投影图像(t = 35 s, )　(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d)

Fig. 18. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in the toluene phase on the elongation velocity of the first RBM convective structure.甲苯相丙酮初始浓度对第一个RBM对流结构向下延伸速度的影响

Fig. 19. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in the toluene phase on the number of the plumes.甲苯相丙酮初始浓度对羽状流数量的影响

Fig. 20. The influence of initial concentration of acetone in the toluene phase on water-toluene interface morphology: (a) Interfacial roughness; (b) the degree of interface fluctuation.甲苯相丙酮初始浓度对水-甲苯界面形貌的影响　(a)界面粗糙度; (b)界面波动程度

Fig. 21. The influence of thickness of toluene layer on the number of the plumes.甲苯层厚度对羽状流数量的影响

Fig. 22. The influence of thickness of toluene layer on water - toluene interface morphology.甲苯层厚度对水-甲苯界面形貌的影响

Table 1. The physical parameters of experimental reagents (T = 20 ℃, P = 0.1 MPa).