[1] Zhang J, Luo L M, Zhu X Y, Chen H Y, Chen J L, Zan X, Cheng J G and Wu Y C 2015 Effect of doped Lu2O3 on the microstructures and properties of tungsten alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering J. Nucl. Mater. 456 316-20

[2] Sahin Y 2014 Recent progress in processing of tungsten heavy alloys J. Powder Technol. 2014 764306

[3] Waseem O A and Ryu H J 2016 Tungsten-based composites for nuclear fusion applications Nuclear Material Performance ed R A Rahman (London: IntechOpen) (https://doi.org/10.5772/62434)

[4] Senthilnathan N, Annamalai A R and Venkatachalam G 2018 Microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered tungsten heavy alloys Mater. Sci. Eng. A 710 66-73

[5] Zu Y S and Lin S T 1997 Optimizing the mechanical properties of injection molded W4.9%Ni2.1%Fe in debinding J. Mater. Process. Technol. 71 337-42

[6] Ivekovic A, Montero-Sistiaga M L, Vanmeensel K, Kruth J-P and Vleugels J 2019 Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and properties of tungsten heavy alloys fabricated by SLM Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 82 23-30

[7] Bose A et al 2018 Traditional and additive manufacturing of a new Tungsten heavy alloy alternative Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 73 22-28

[8] Cai Q S, Liu W S, Ma Y Z and Liu H Y 2015 Microstructure, residual stresses and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded tungsten-steel joint using a V/Cu composite barrier interlayer Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 48 312-7

[9] Park J Y, Jung Y I, Choi B K, Lee D W and Cho S 2013 Joining of tungsten to ferritic/martensitic steels by hot isostatic pressing J. Nucl. Mater. 442 S541-5

[10] Wei C, Li L, Zhang X Y and Chueh Y-H 2018 3D printing of multiple metallic materials via modified selective laser melting CIRP Ann. 67 245-8

[11] Chadha K, Tian Y, Pasco J and Aranas C Jr 2021 Dual-metal laser powder bed fusion of iron- and cobalt-based alloys Mater. Charact. 178 111285

[12] Goh G L, Zhang H N, Chong T H and Yeong W Y 2021 3D printing of multilayered and multimaterial electronics: a review Adv. Electron. Mater. 7 2100445

[13] Wei C and Li L 2021 Recent progress and scientific challenges in multi-material additive manufacturing via laser-based powder bed fusion Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 16 347-71

[14] Wei C, Zhang Z Z, Cheng D X, Sun Z, Zhu M H and Li L 2021 An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 3 012003

[15] Tan C L, Zhou K S and Kuang T C 2019 Selective laser melting of tungsten-copper functionally graded material Mater. Lett. 237 328-31

[16] Wei C, Sun Z, Chen Q, Liu Z and Li L 2019 Additive manufacturing of horizontal and 3D functionally graded 316L/Cu10Sn components via multiple material selective laser melting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 141 081014

[17] Wang D Z, Yu C F, Zhou X, Ma J, Liu W and Shen Z J 2017 Dense pure tungsten fabricated by selective laser melting Appl. Sci. 7 430

[18] Field A C, Carter L N, Adkins N J E, Attallah M M, Gorley M J and Strangwood M 2020 The effect of powder characteristics on build quality of high-purity tungsten produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51 1367-78

[19] Ivekovic A, Omidvari N, Vrancken B, Lietaert K, Thijs L, Vanmeensel K, Vleugels J and Kruth J-P 2018 Selective laser melting of tungsten and tungsten alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 72 27-32

[20] Casati R, Lemke J and Vedani M 2016 Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32 738-44

[21] Chen K Y, Wang C, Hong Q F, Wen S F, Zhou Y, Yan C Z and Shi Y S 2020 Selective laser melting 316L/CuSn10 multi-materials: processing optimization, interfacial characterization and mechanical property J. Mater. Process. Technol. 283 116701

[22] Wang D, Song C H, Yang Y Q and Bai Y C 2016 Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts Mater. Des. 100 291-9

[23] Chen J, Yang Y Q, Song C H, Zhang M K, Wu S B and Wang D 2019 Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L/CuSn10 multi-material bimetallic structure fabricated by selective laser melting Mater. Sci. Eng. A 752 75-85

[24] Caiazzo F, Alfieri V and Casalino G 2020 On the relevance of volumetric energy density in the investigation of Inconel 718 laser powder bed fusion Materials 13 538

[25] Gu H, Wei C, Li L, Ryan M, Setchi R, Han Q Q and Qian L L 2021 Numerical and experimental study of molten pool behaviour and defect formation in multi-material and functionally graded materials laser powder bed fusion Adv. Powder Technol. 32 4303-21

[26] Gu H, Wei C, Li L, Han Q Q, Setchi R, Ryan M and Li Q 2020 Multi-physics modelling of molten pool development and track formation in multi-track, multi-layer and multi-material selective laser melting Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 151 119458

[27] Tang C, Tan J L and Wong C H 2018 A numerical investigation on the physical mechanisms of single track defects in selective laser melting Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 126 957-68

[28] Tolias P and The EUROfusion MST1 Team 2017 Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications Nucl. Mater. Energy 13 42-57

[29] Yan X L, Pang J C and Jing Y L 2019 Ultrasonic measurement of stress in SLM 316L stainless steel forming parts manufactured using different scanning strategies Materials 12 2719

[30] Brytan Z 2017 Comparison of vacuum sintered and selective laser melted steel AISI 316L Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 2125-31

[31] Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J P and Van Humbeeck J 2014 Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel β titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting Acta Mater. 68 150-8

[32] Tan C L, Zhou K S, Ma W Y, Attard B, Zhang P P and Kuang T C 2018 Selective laser melting of high-performance pure tungsten: parameter design, densification behavior and mechanical properties Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19 370-80

[33] Razavykia A, Brusa E, Delprete C and Yavari R 2020 An overview of additive manufacturing technologies—a review to technical synthesis in numerical study of selective laser melting Materials 13 3895

[34] Shinjo J and Panwisawas C 2021 Digital materials design by thermal-fluid science for multi-metal additive manufacturing Acta Mater. 210 116825

[35] Chen Y H, Clark S J, Leung C L A, Sinclair L, Marussi S, Olbinado M P, Boller E, Rack A, Todd I and Lee P D 2020 In-situ synchrotron imaging of keyhole mode multi-layer laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Appl. Mater. Today 20 100650

[36] Davidzon M I 2012 Newton’s law of cooling and its interpretation Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55 5397-402

[37] de Macedo H R, da Silva A G P and de Melo D M A 2003 The spreading of cobalt, nickel and iron on tungsten carbide and the first stage of hard metal sintering Mater. Lett. 57 3924-32

[38] Zhao X, Xu S and Liu J 2017 Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application Front. Energy 11 535-67

[39] Hengsbach F et al 2018 Inline additively manufactured functionally graded multi-materials: microstructural and mechanical characterization of 316L parts with H13 layers Prog. Addit. Manuf. 3 221-31

[40] Paul A 2013 A pseudobinary approach to study interdiffusion and the Kirkendall effect in multicomponent systems Phil. Mag. 93 2297-315

[41] Chen X X, Shen J, Kecskes L J and Wei Q 2020 Tungsten-based heterogeneous multilayer structures via diffusion bonding Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 92 105308

[42] Rahman A H M E and Cavalli M N 2012 Diffusion bonding of commercially pure Ni using Cu interlayer Mater. Charact. 69 90-96

[43] Muster W J, Yoon D N and Huppmann W J 1979 Solubility and volume diffusion of nickel in tungsten at 1640 ℃ J. Less-Common Met. 65 211-6

[44] Reisner M, Oberkofler M, Elgeti S, Balden M, Hoschen T, Mayer M and Silva T F 2019 Interdiffusion and phase formation at iron-tungsten interfaces Nucl. Mater. Energy 19 189-94

[45] Mehrer H 2007 Continuum theory of diffusion Diffusion in Solids: Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controlled Processes ed H Mehrer (Berlin: Springer) pp 27-36

[46] Fang T T, Chen M I and Hsu W D 2020 Insight into understanding the jump frequency of diffusion in solids AIP Adv. 10 065132

[47] Yusuf S M, Choo E and Gao N 2020 Comparison between virgin and recycled 316L SS and AlSi10Mg powders used for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Metals 10 1625

[48] Malizia A, Rossi R and Cacciotti I 2018 Improvement of the shadow tracking setup as a method to measure the velocities values of dark dust in order to reduce the risks of radioactive releases or explosions Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 083306

[49] Giannattasio A, Yao Z, Tarleton E and Roberts S G 2010 Brittle-ductile transitions in polycrystalline tungsten Phil. Mag. 90 3947-59

[50] Van Uffelen P and Suzuki M 2012 Oxide fuel performance modeling and simulations Comp. Nucl. Mater. 3 535-77

[51] Gietzelt T, Toth V and Huell A 2016 Diffusion bonding: influence of process parameters and material microstructure Joining Technologies ed M Ishak (London: IntechOpen) pp 196-212

[52] Zhang Y W, Li S J, Hao Y L and Yang R 2010 Nanoindentation study on Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn single crystals Chin. J. Nonferrous Met. 20 528-32

[53] Cobbinah P V, Nzeukou R A, Onawale O T and Matizamhuka W R 2021 Laser powder bed fusion of potential superalloys: a review Metals 11 58

[54] Jung B B, Lee H K and Park H C 2013 Effect of grain size on the indentation hardness for polycrystalline materials by the modified strain gradient theory Int. J. Solids Struct. 50 2719-24

[55] Ward L, Junge F, Lampka A, Dobbertin M, Mewes C and Wienecke M 2014 The effect of bias voltage and gas pressure on the structure, adhesion and wear behavior of diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings with Si interlayers Coatings 4 214-30

[56] Huang H, Wu Y Q, Wang S L, He Y H, Zou J, Huang B Y and Liu C T 2009 Mechanical properties of single crystal tungsten microwhiskers characterized by nanoindentation Mater. Sci. Eng. A 523 193-8

[57] Bayat M, Thanki A, Mohanty S, Witvrouw A, Yang S F, Thorborg J, Tiedje N S and Hattel J H 2019 Keyhole-induced porosities in laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: high-fidelity modelling and experimental validation Addit. Manuf. 30 100835

[58] Yao L M, Huang S, Ramamurty U and Xiao Z M 2021 On the formation of ‘Fish-scale’ morphology with curved grain interfacial microstructures during selective laser melting of dissimilar alloys Acta Mater. 220 117331

[59] Radovic Z, Jaukovic N, Lalovic M and Tadic N 2008 Positive segregation as a function of buoyancy force during steel ingot solidification Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 045003

[60] Marcus Y 2017 On the compressibility of liquid metals J. Chem. Thermodyn. 109 11-15

[61] Jain S C and Willander S 2003 Strain, growth, and TED in SiGeC layers Silicon-germanium Strained Layers and Heterostructures ed S C Jain and S Willander (New York: Academic) pp 61-90

[62] Yu H-C, Van der Ven A and Thornton K 2008 Theory of grain boundary diffusion induced by the Kirkendall effect Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 091908

[63] Jaseliunaite J and Galdikas A 2020 Kinetic modeling of grain boundary diffusion: the influence of grain size and surface processes Materials 13 1051

[64] Yin J, Zhang W Q, Ke L D, Wei H L, Wang D Z, Yang L L, Zhu H H, Dong P, Wang G Q and Zeng X Y 2021 Vaporization of alloying elements and explosion behavior during laser powder bed fusion of Cu-10Zn alloy Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 161 103686

[65] Zhang W Q, Zhang B P, Xiao H F, Yang H Q, Wang Y and Zhu H H 2021 A layer-dependent analytical model for printability assessment of additive manufacturing copper/steel multi-material components by directed energy deposition Micromachines 12 1394