Trace elements are closely related to human health. For example, the homeostasis of metal elements may influence cells’ metabolic function, which may result in the production of certain diseases. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a factor-free analysis technique that can be employed for molecularly complex biological materials or clinical specimens, has the capability to obtain elemental signals from a single laser pulse and a small amount of material (Nanogram order).This article mainly reviews the related research of LIBS process in disease diagnosis since 2015, including several common diseases (calculi, hair loss, eye disease, etc.) and malignant tumor diagnosis (skin cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, etc.). The samples studied include in-vitrotissue, calculus, tissue sections, serum, plasma, whole blood and other biological materials. These biological samples contain or accumulate metal substances and metal-doping compounds that can be detected, quantified, and imaged. LIBS can perform microanalysis, location analysis, and quantitative analysis of the endogenous and exogenous chemical elements in the sample with sensitivity and microscopic resolution of several parts per million. Finally, the medical development trend of the LIBS technique prospects. It is hoped that a simple review can attract more scientists to pay attention to the application of LIBS technology in the field of disease diagnosis to promote the improvement of the LIBS method and play a greater role in disease diagnosis and treatment.