Drag reduction is of great importance for ship transportation. Various micro-nano groove structures with different section shapes were fabricated on the surfaces of 6061 aluminum alloy using an ultrafast laser. Further, the femtosecond laser fabrication of the drag reduction micro-nano structure, the surface drag reduction effect, and the surface corrosion resistance of the micro-U-shaped groove structures were investigated. Various microgroove structures were quickly fabricated by modulating the processing parameters and the scanning route. Microgroove structures covered with nanoparticles exhibit superhydrophilicity. Compared with the pristine surface, two types of micro-U-shaped groove-structured surfaces with structural period widths of 28 μm and 50 μm and depths of 20 μm and 25 μm shortened their motion time in tank moving experiments by 4.3% and 11.6%, respectively, indicating their effective surface drag reduction. After forming a superhydrophobic surface, the surface corrosion rates of these two micro-U-shaped groove structures tested in 3.5% NaCl solution were decreased by 87% and 73%, respectively. The micro-nano structures fabricated by an ultrafast laser exhibit good drag reduction effect and corrosion resistance, which indicates their valuable application potential.