In the field of space wireless communication, laser and microwave technology have become mature, but bottleneck problems such as the limited transmission distance, the limited communication rate and so on already exist, which restrict the future applications in deep space. As a result of its short wavelength and great penetrability, X-ray has no attenuation for transmission in space when its photon energy is more than 10keV (λ<0.1nm). Thus, via X-ray, a communication technology of long distance signal transmission in space can be achieved with smaller volume, lower weight and lower power. However, studies on X-ray communication and its applications still remain blank in China presently. X-ray communication was proposed and defined as a “revolutionary concept” by National Aeronautics and Space Administration of USA just a short time ago. Thus, the study on this novel space communication method with a new conception by using X-ray as information carrier will have a great scientific significance and applicable prospect. X-ray communication technology will not only be a good complement to laser and microwave communications, but will also have a unique performance on those occasions where laser and microwave could have been shielded. Study on space wireless communication technology based on X-ray will include: the theoretical research on X-ray space transmission; the research on a high power and wide bandwidth(GHz) modulated X-ray source for pulse signal; the research on high speed, week signal of X-ray detection technology; the research on acquisition, tracking and pointing technology of X-ray space communication; the research on high efficient coding theory and technology.