For traditional ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), the dosage of silica fume is generally high, resulting in high production cost and large autogenous shrinkage, which has a certain impact on its practical engineering application. In this paper, UHPC was prepared by partly or completely replacing silica fume with fly ash and mineral powder. The working performance, mechanical properties, autogenous shrinkage and pore structure characteristics of UHPC were studied. The results show that the replacement of silica fume by fly ash or mineral powder improves the fluidity of UHPC mixture. The higher the replacement rate is, the greater the fluidity of the mixture is. When 50% (mass fraction) silica fume is replaced by fly ash or mineral powder, the influence on 28 d compressive strength is small under standard curing, while for high temperature steam curing, the 28 d compressive strength decreases. When the replacement rate reaches 100% (mass fraction), the 28 d compressive strength is significantly reduced under standard curing or high temperature steam curing. Fly ash or mineral powder instead of silica fume reduces the proportion of fine pores, increases pore size and reduces autogenous shrinkage, and the inhibitory effect of fly ash on autogenous shrinkage is better than that of mineral powder.