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    Journals >Chinese Journal of Lasers >Volume 51 >Issue 10 >Page 1002304 > Article
    • Chinese Journal of Lasers
    • Vol. 51, Issue 10, 1002304 (2024)
    Research and Application Progress in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Heterogeneous Metals (Invited)
    Yi Ma1 and Yingchun Guan1,2,*
    Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2National Engineering Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing for Large Metallic Components, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
    • show less
    DOI: 10.3788/CJL240428 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Yi Ma, Yingchun Guan. Research and Application Progress in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Heterogeneous Metals (Invited)[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(10): 1002304 Copy Citation Text show less
    Aerospace applications of Cu/Ni heterogeneous metal systems. (a) GRCop-42(Cu-Cr-Nb)/HR-1(Fe-Ni-Cr) combustion chamber formed by LDED[39]; (b) Cu-based/Ni-based injector formed by LPBF[39]; (c) coupled thrust assembly formed by LDED[39]; (d) injector structure and heterogeneous alloy connecting interface[39]; (e) GRCop-42 combustion chamber formed by LPBF[40]; (f) nickel-based cooling nozzle formed by BP-DED[40]; (g) coupled bimetallic structure[40]; (h) C18150/Inconel 625 rocket nozzle formed by SLM+LDED[41]; (i) CuNi2SiCr/Inconel 625 rocket nozzle formed by LDED[41]; (j) Cu-based/Ni-based bimetallic heat exchanger formed by SLM[41]; (k) Cu-based/Ni-based bimetallic combustion chamber formed by SLM[42]
    Fig. 1. Aerospace applications of Cu/Ni heterogeneous metal systems. (a) GRCop-42(Cu-Cr-Nb)/HR-1(Fe-Ni-Cr) combustion chamber formed by LDED[39]; (b) Cu-based/Ni-based injector formed by LPBF[39]; (c) coupled thrust assembly formed by LDED[39]; (d) injector structure and heterogeneous alloy connecting interface[39]; (e) GRCop-42 combustion chamber formed by LPBF[40]; (f) nickel-based cooling nozzle formed by BP-DED[40]; (g) coupled bimetallic structure[40]; (h) C18150/Inconel 625 rocket nozzle formed by SLM+LDED[41]; (i) CuNi2SiCr/Inconel 625 rocket nozzle formed by LDED[41]; (j) Cu-based/Ni-based bimetallic heat exchanger formed by SLM[41]; (k) Cu-based/Ni-based bimetallic combustion chamber formed by SLM[42]
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    Aerospace applications of Fe-based heterogeneous metal systems. (a) CW106C/1.2709 steel large caliber engine nozzle formed byLPBF[43]; (b) 316L/aluminum-based bronze rocket engine nozzle formed byLDED[44]; (c) IN718/SS316L heat exchanger formed bySLM[45]; (d) CuCrZr/316L heat exchanger formed bySLM[46]
    Fig. 2. Aerospace applications of Fe-based heterogeneous metal systems. (a) CW106C/1.2709 steel large caliber engine nozzle formed byLPBF[43]; (b) 316L/aluminum-based bronze rocket engine nozzle formed byLDED[44]; (c) IN718/SS316L heat exchanger formed bySLM[45]; (d) CuCrZr/316L heat exchanger formed bySLM[46]
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    Aerospace applications of Ti-based heterogeneous metal systems. (a) Ti6Al4V/Nb coupled rocket nozzle component formed by LDED[47]; (b) Ti6Al4V/Ti48Al2Cr2Nb turbine blade disk formed by LDED[48]
    Fig. 3. Aerospace applications of Ti-based heterogeneous metal systems. (a) Ti6Al4V/Nb coupled rocket nozzle component formed by LDED[47]; (b) Ti6Al4V/Ti48Al2Cr2Nb turbine blade disk formed by LDED[48]
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    LDED equipment for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing. (a) Schematic of the working principle of LDED for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing[56]; (b) dual hopper LDED system[57]; (c) LASERTEC 6600 additive-subtractive composite manufacturing equipment[58]; (d) schematic of LMD static powder mixer equipment[59]
    Fig. 4. LDED equipment for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing. (a) Schematic of the working principle of LDED for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing[56]; (b) dual hopper LDED system[57]; (c) LASERTEC 6600 additive-subtractive composite manufacturing equipment[58]; (d) schematic of LMD static powder mixer equipment[59]
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    LPBF equipment for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing. (a) Dual feeder LPBF equipment[60]; (b) zoning system for LPBF equipment[61]; (c) ultrasonic powder spreading device for LPBF[62]; (d) electrostatic powder spreading device for LPBF[44]; (e) blade-ultrasonic powder spreading equipment for LPBF[63]
    Fig. 5. LPBF equipment for heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing. (a) Dual feeder LPBF equipment[60]; (b) zoning system for LPBF equipment[61]; (c) ultrasonic powder spreading device for LPBF[62]; (d) electrostatic powder spreading device for LPBF[44]; (e) blade-ultrasonic powder spreading equipment for LPBF[63]
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    Hybrid manufacturing cases. (a)(b)Schematic diagram of LMD-WAAM hybrid fabrication of IN625/SUS304L gradient material and macroscopic photographs of formed component[68]; (c) 17-4 PH/AISI 316L componentformed by LPBF-WAAM[69]; (d) LPBF-LDED equipment, and QCr0.8 copper alloy/S06 stainless steel heterometal connection through the intermediate layer In718[70]
    Fig. 6. Hybrid manufacturing cases. (a)(b)Schematic diagram of LMD-WAAM hybrid fabrication of IN625/SUS304L gradient material and macroscopic photographs of formed component[68]; (c) 17-4 PH/AISI 316L componentformed by LPBF-WAAM[69]; (d) LPBF-LDED equipment, and QCr0.8 copper alloy/S06 stainless steel heterometal connection through the intermediate layer In718[70]
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    Factors affecting the quality of heterogeneous metal interfaces and solutions. (a1)(a2) Porosity/lack of fusion[74] and related solutions; (b1)(b2) cracks[75] and related solutions; (c1)(c2) harmful phases[38] and related solutions; (d1)(d2) residual stresses[76] and related solutions
    Fig. 7. Factors affecting the quality of heterogeneous metal interfaces and solutions. (a1)(a2) Porosity/lack of fusion[74] and related solutions; (b1)(b2) cracks[75] and related solutions; (c1)(c2) harmful phases[38] and related solutions; (d1)(d2) residual stresses[76] and related solutions
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    Heterogeneous metal joining strategies and cases. (a) Schematic diagrams of the four types of joining strategies[77]; (b) LPBF direct joining of Cu10Sn/Ti6Al4V and its interface[19]; (c) finger-crossed 316L/CuSn10 interfacial structure and samples formed by SLM[81]; (d) bionic SS316L/IN625 interface structure formed by LDED[82]; (e) Ti6Al4V/SS316 stainless steel heterometal connection through the intermediate layer Cu10Sn using SLM[79]; (f) inconel 718/Ti64 heterometal connection through VC-Inconel 718-Ti64 combination bonding layer using LENS[80]; (g) martensitic stainless steel/austenitic stainless steel connection through gradient layer using LENS[78]
    Fig. 8. Heterogeneous metal joining strategies and cases. (a) Schematic diagrams of the four types of joining strategies[77]; (b) LPBF direct joining of Cu10Sn/Ti6Al4V and its interface[19]; (c) finger-crossed 316L/CuSn10 interfacial structure and samples formed by SLM[81]; (d) bionic SS316L/IN625 interface structure formed by LDED[82]; (e) Ti6Al4V/SS316 stainless steel heterometal connection through the intermediate layer Cu10Sn using SLM[79]; (f) inconel 718/Ti64 heterometal connection through VC-Inconel 718-Ti64 combination bonding layer using LENS[80]; (g) martensitic stainless steel/austenitic stainless steel connection through gradient layer using LENS[78]
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    Influence of process parameters on the microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a) Variation of the relative density of LMD-formed GH4169/K417G heterogeneous metal components with laser power[76]; (b) LMD parameter optimization strategy and IN625/304L heterogeneous metal components prepared under the optimal parameters[90]; (c) Ti6Al4V/AlSi10Mg heterogeneous metal interfaces formed by LPBF under different process parameters[30]; (d) NiTi/CuSn10 heterogeneous metal interfaces formed by SLM under different process parameters[12]
    Fig. 9. Influence of process parameters on the microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a) Variation of the relative density of LMD-formed GH4169/K417G heterogeneous metal components with laser power[76]; (b) LMD parameter optimization strategy and IN625/304L heterogeneous metal components prepared under the optimal parameters[90]; (c) Ti6Al4V/AlSi10Mg heterogeneous metal interfaces formed by LPBF under different process parameters[30]; (d) NiTi/CuSn10 heterogeneous metal interfaces formed by SLM under different process parameters[12]
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    Development and application of online monitoring technology for LAM preparation of heterogeneous metals. (a)(b) Schematic diagram of the integrated high-speed imaging device of the LMD equipment and high-speed imaging pictures of the Cu deposition process[99]; (c) LDED system with integrated monitoring and sensing device[100]; (d)(e) schematic diagram of the in-situ X-ray imaging device integrated into the LPBF system and the photos of the Inconel 718/316L forming process captured under different processing parameters[101]; (f) schematic diagram of integrated optical device for LDED systems[102]
    Fig. 10. Development and application of online monitoring technology for LAM preparation of heterogeneous metals. (a)(b) Schematic diagram of the integrated high-speed imaging device of the LMD equipment and high-speed imaging pictures of the Cu deposition process[99]; (c) LDED system with integrated monitoring and sensing device[100]; (d)(e) schematic diagram of the in-situ X-ray imaging device integrated into the LPBF system and the photos of the Inconel 718/316L forming process captured under different processing parameters[101]; (f) schematic diagram of integrated optical device for LDED systems[102]
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    Development and application of simulation technique for LAM preparation of heterogeneous metals. (a) LDED modeling adaptive mesh and boundary conditions for thermal analysis[103]; (b) machine learning flowchart for SLM parameter optimization[104]; (c) simulation of powder bed temperature distribution with different gradient IN718 components during LPBF manufacturing of IN718/Ti6Al4V[105]; (d) simulation of deformation and stress distribution in LDED manufacturing of Cu/SS304L[83]
    Fig. 11. Development and application of simulation technique for LAM preparation of heterogeneous metals. (a) LDED modeling adaptive mesh and boundary conditions for thermal analysis[103]; (b) machine learning flowchart for SLM parameter optimization[104]; (c) simulation of powder bed temperature distribution with different gradient IN718 components during LPBF manufacturing of IN718/Ti6Al4V[105]; (d) simulation of deformation and stress distribution in LDED manufacturing of Cu/SS304L[83]
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    Effect of pretreatment on microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a)‒(c) Preheating process of LDED in the manufacture of Inconel 625/Ti6Al4V gradient materials and the comparison of the effect of forming samples with or without preheating[110]; (d)(e) comparison of microstructures of CuBe/H13 formed by LMD with or without preheating[111]; (f)‒(h) hardness, relative density, and microstructure of GH4169/K417G samples formed by LMD with or without preheating[76]
    Fig. 12. Effect of pretreatment on microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a)‒(c) Preheating process of LDED in the manufacture of Inconel 625/Ti6Al4V gradient materials and the comparison of the effect of forming samples with or without preheating[110]; (d)(e) comparison of microstructures of CuBe/H13 formed by LMD with or without preheating[111]; (f)‒(h) hardness, relative density, and microstructure of GH4169/K417G samples formed by LMD with or without preheating[76]
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    Effect of post-treatment on microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a)(b) The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of LPBF-formed 316L/Inconel 718 components[112]; (c) the effect of heat treatment on the hardness of LPBF-formed maraging steel/Co-Cr-Mo alloy components[113]; (d) the effect of hot isostatic pressing on the microstructure and hardness of LPBF-formed Ti/Ti64 components[114]
    Fig. 13. Effect of post-treatment on microstructure and properties of heterogeneous metal components. (a)(b) The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of LPBF-formed 316L/Inconel 718 components[112]; (c) the effect of heat treatment on the hardness of LPBF-formed maraging steel/Co-Cr-Mo alloy components[113]; (d) the effect of hot isostatic pressing on the microstructure and hardness of LPBF-formed Ti/Ti64 components[114]
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    Material systemMaterial propertyApplicationTypical heterogeneous metal system
    Cu/Ni

    Thermal conductivity/heat resistance/

    high strength

    		Aerospace thrust components/integrated circuit

    Inconel 718/GRCop84［11］

    NiTi/CuSn10［12］

    Inconel 718/ CuCr0.8［13］

    Cu/FeHigh stiffness/electrical conductivity/thermal conductivity/wear resistanceNuclear industry/power generation industry/automobile industry

    316L/CuSn10［14］

    316L/C52400［15］

    316L/CuCrZr［16］

    Cu/TiHeat resistance/high specific strengthAerospace heat exchanger

    Ti6Al4V/Cu［17］

    Ti6Al4V/CuNi2SiCr［18］

    Cu10Sn/Ti6Al4V［19］

    Cu/AlElectrical/thermal conductivity/low densityEnergy conduction/cooling device/solar collectorAlSi10Mg/C18400［20］
    Ni/FeHigh strength/corrosion resistance/oxidation resistanceGas turbine/power generation equipment/heat exchanger

    316 L/Inconel 718［21］

    316L/Inconel 625［22］

    SS420/Inconel 718［23］

    Ni/TiBiocompatibility/wear resistance/high specific strength/heat resistanceAerospace thermal protection system/orthopedic implants

    Inconel 718/Ti6Al4V［24］

    TC4/Inconel 625［25］

    NiTi/Ti6Al4V［26］

    Fe/TiHigh specific strength/corrosion resistanceAerospace engines/load-bearing componentsTi6Al4V/316L［27］
    Fe/AlHigh strength/corrosion resistance/lightweightAutomotive manufacturing/aerospace hydraulic systems/space launch systems

    316L/AlSi10Mg［28］

    316L/Al［29］

    Ti/AlLightweight/ductility and malleability/high strengthAerospace and automotive structural component

    Ti6Al4V/AlSi10Mg［30］

    AA2024/Ti6Al4V［31］

    Ti6Al4V/Al12Si［32］

    Co/TiBiocompatibility/high strengthMedical implantCoCrMo/Ti6Al4V［33］
    Co/NiCorrosion resistance/high strengthNuclear industry/petrochemical industry

    CoCrMo/Inconel 718［34］

    CoCrMo/Inconel 625［35］

    Co/FeHeat resistance/wear resistance/high toughnessMachining tools and mold manufacturingSS316L/CoCrMo［36］
    W/CuElectrical/thermal conductivity/resistance to plasma radiationIntegrated circuit radiator/electrode/nuclear industryCu10Sn/W［37］
    W/FeDuctility and malleability/resistance to plasma radiation/high strengthNuclear industryW/316L［38］
    Table 1. Typical heterogeneous metal systems and their properties and applications
    TechniqueAdvantageLimitationSolution
    LPBF

    1） High forming accuracy

    2） Higher quality of interface bonding

    1） Lower processing efficiency［50］

    2） Difficult to control the precise distribution of powder［51］

    3） Cross-contamination issue with powders［52］

    4） Intra-layer heterogeneous material composition connectivity is limited［53］

    1） Hybrid manufacturing

    2） Development of new powder spreading device

    3） Developing multi-beam and large-area equipment

    4） Upgrade of powder recycling unit

    LDED

    1） High degree of processing freedom

    2） Wide selection of raw materials

    3） High processing efficiency

    4） Good flexibility in powder feeding

    1） Lower forming accuracy［54］

    2） Intra-layer heterogeneous material composition connectivity is limited［55］

    1） Integration of additive and subtractive manufacturing processes

    2） Hybrid manufacturing

    3） Improvement of powder feeding and mixing device

    Table 2. Advantages, limitations, and solutions of traditional LPBF and LDED techniques in heterogeneous metal manufacturing
    Equipment Optimization StrategyTechniqueMaterialAdvantage/effectReference
    Blade-based dual powder recoaterLPBFNi/TiCracks and brittle phases exist at the interfacial joints； such technique is difficult to realize the deposition of heterogeneous materials in the same layer and are limited in the applicable material systems， with poor forming quality［60］
    Ultrasonic assisted powder spreadingLPBFW/316LHeterogeneous metals are well bonded； such technique has high powder layup accuracy and design freedom， but is very inefficient［65］
    Electrostatic powder spreadingLPBFSuch technique has a high degree of design freedom and powder feeding efficiency， but is prone to powder layer contamination problems［63］
    Blade + ultrasonic hybrid powder spreadingLPBF316L/Cu10SnGood metallurgical bonding of heterogeneous metals； such technique combines high precision and efficiency［66］
    Dual powder feederLDEDAISI 316L/ AISI H13Individual transportation of dissimilar powders and successful bonding of heterogeneous metals are realized［57］
    Static mixing deviceLDED316L/CuImproved powder mixing homogeneity for the preparation of functional gradient layers［59］
    Integration of additive and subtractive manufacturingLDEDImproved efficiency and precision of heterogeneous metal forming［58］
    Equipment improvementLPBF

    AISI 316L/

    Ni-based high-temperature alloy

    		Preparation of intra-layer bimetallic samples realized［61］
    LPBFAISI 316L-18Ni （300）Preparation of intra-layer bimetallic samples realized［67］
    Table 3. Development and advantages of heterogeneous metal additive manufacturing equipment for LPBF and LDED
    Technology integration strategyMaterialAdvantage/effectReference
    LMD-WAAMSUS304L/IN625Combines the high efficiency of WAAM with the flexibility of LMD/Good metallurgical bonding of heterogeneous materials with high mechanical properties［68］
    LPBF-WAAM17-4 PH/ AISI 316LHybrid manufacturing facilitates the preparation of complex and large cross-section structures/Heterogeneous interfaces are well bonded and have high mechanical properties［69］
    LPBF-LDEDQCr0.8/In718/S06 stainless steelCombines the high precision of LPBF with the flexibility of LDED/Heterogeneous interfaces are well bonded and defect-free［70］
    WAAM-LDEDER70S6/Inconel 625Combines the high efficiency of WAAM with the flexibility of LDED/Heterogeneous interfaces are well bonded and have high mechanical properties［71］
    LPBF-LDEDSS316L/IN625Integration of LPBF for high forming accuracy and LDED for fast deposition/Good heterogeneous interface bonding［72］
    SLM-CS（cold spraying）Al/Ti6Al4VCS avoids defects associated with the melting process， SLM offers high forming accuracy/Better bonding at heterogeneous interfaces， and inhibits the generation of brittle phases［73］
    Table 4. Hybrid manufacturing processes for heterogeneous metals and their advantages
    Connection strategyMaterialTechniqueEffectReference
    Direct connectionCu10Sn/Ti6Al4VLPBFInterface delamination， bonding failure［19］
    Cu/SS 304LLDEDHigh residual stresses at the interface， poor bonding effect［83］
    Gradient layer connection

    Martensitic stainless steel/

    Austenitic stainless steel

    		LENSGood metallurgical bonding， improved mechanical properties［78］
    316L/IN718LPBFGood metallurgical bonding， good mechanical properties［84］
    AISI 316L/Fe35MnLPBFGood metallurgical bonding， mechanical properties vary with composition gradation［85］
    316L/Inconel 625LDEDGood metallurgical bonding， uniform microstructure at the interface［22］
    Ti6Al4V/NiTiLDEDDefect-free interface structure and good mechanical properties［86］
    Intermediate layer connection

    316L/HOVADUR K220/

    Ti-6Al-4V

    		SLMGood metallurgical bonding［79］
    Cu10Sn/316L/WLPBFGood metallurgical bonding［37］
    TC4/Cu/IN718LDEDInhibits the creation of defects， good interfacial bonding［87］
    IN625/Cu/TC4LDEDGood metallurgical bonding［88］
    Ti6Al4V/Cu/Al-Cu-MgLPBFGood metallurgical bonding， no visible defects［89］
    Compositional bond layer connection

    Inconel 718/VC mixture/

    Ti6Al4V

    		LENSNo cracks in the interface， successful bonding［80］
    Interface shape design316L/CuSn10SLMGood metallurgical bonding， improved mechanical properties［81］
    316L/IN625LDEDGood bonding， improved mechanical properties［82］
    Table 5. Joining strategies and forming effects of heterogeneous metals
    MaterialTechnique

    Laser

    power /W

    		Scanning speed /（mm/s）Scanning space / overlap rate

    Layer

    thickness /μm

    Powder

    feeding rate

    		Reference
    Ti6Al4V/ AlSi10MgLPBF31022000.1230［30］
    Ti6Al4V/Inconel 625LMD150060050%6.0 g/min［91］
    Ti6Al4V/Ti48Al2Cr2NbLMD190074.96 g/min［92］
    Ti6Al4V/NiTiSLM906000.0930［26］
    Ti6Al4V/IN718SLM3007000.0550［93］
    316L/Co-Cr-MoLENS8006.676.0 g/min［36］
    316L/IN718LPBF955000.08425［84］
    316L/Hastelloy XLPBF952000.04530［94］
    316L/IN718LDED1000750%1 r/min［95］
    316L/TC4LMD1400650%2.5 r/min［96］
    Inconel 718/316LLPBF3009000.0830［97］
    Inconel 718/CoCrMoLPBF225700［34］
    Inconel 718/SS420LDED90015［23］
    Inconel 625/316LLENS335183.8 g/min［98］
    Inconel 625/304LLMD6001050%8 g/min［90］
    GH4169/K417GLMD528440%18.9 mm3/s［76］
    NiTi/CuSn10SLM1202500.0830［12］
    Table 6. Optimization/processing parameters for classical heterogeneous material
    Monitor signalMaterialTechniqueMonitoring deviceAdvantage/effectReference
    Optical signalCu， Al， Steel/Ti alloyLMDHigh-speed camera （optical imaging）Real-time monitoring of the melt pool dynamics， powder status and solidification characteristics， which can be adjusted accordingly［99］
    Ti/NbLDEDSpectrum collection deviceHigh precision monitoring of chemical composition/process status/serious defects［100］
    Inconel 718/316LLPBFHigh-speed X-ray imaging deviceIt can realize real-time monitoring of microstructure and defect evolution as well as thermal behavior of molten pool， and can adjust the process accordingly［101］
    316 L/AlSi10MgLMDCollimating lens + optical fiber （spectral collection）The relationship of spectral intensity-gradient composition evolution can be established to realize composition control in manufacturing process［102］
    Acoustic signalTi/NbLDEDMicrophonesFor laser-material interaction monitoring with high acquisition rates but poor monitoring accuracy［100］
    Table 7. Monitoring techniques for laser additive manufacturing of heterogeneous metals
    Forecast contentMaterialTechniqueModel/methodAdvantage/effectReference
    Thermal behavior + residual stressIN718/Ti6Al4VLDEDSequential coupled thermo-mechanical modelThe predicted results are qualitatively in agreement with the experimental results / thermal response， solidification behavior and residual stress sources can be predicted［103］
    Cu/SS304LLDEDThermo-mechanical Finite Element ModelingAccurate prediction of temperature and residual stress distribution can be achieved［83］
    IN718/Cu10SnLPBFMesoscopic modeling based on the VOF methodThe behavior of molten pool and solidification trajectory can be predicted［105］
    316L/Inconel 718LDEDFinite element simulationHigh simulation accuracy for effective analysis of thermal behavior during the forming process［106］
    TC4/TC11LMDFinite element simulationThe temperature field trend， period and peak temperature calculated by the model are in good agreement with the experiment， which verifies the validity of the model［107］
    Process parametersAlSi10Mg/316LSLMGaussian process regression （MO-GPR） modelingProcess parameter optimization can be significantly shortened［104］
    Fe/NiLDEDMathematical models constructed based on MATLABCorrelating laser process parameters to composition states［108］
    316L/CuSLMMultivariate Gaussian process modelCan be used for parameter prediction under different gradient composition changes［109］
    Table 8. Simulation and modeling techniques for laser additive manufacturing of heterogeneous metals
    Processing methodMaterialTechniqueEffectReference
    Substrate preheatingInconel 625/Ti6Al4VLDEDOptimized microstructure and improved forming quality［110］
    CuBe/H13LMDInhibit the formation of defects and improve mechanical properties［111］
    GH4169/K417GLMDReduced residual stresses and increased relative density of samples［76］
    Heat treatment316L/Inconel 718LPBFModulation of microstructure distribution to improve mechanical properties［112］
    Maraging steel/Co-Cr-MoLPBFElimination of residual stresses， improvement of interface quality and toughness［113］
    In718/316LLDEDThe strength and toughness of the components are improved［115］
    Hot isostatic pressureTi/Ti64LPBFElimination of residual stresses and improvement of mechanical properties［114］
    Table 9. Pre- and post-treatments for laser additive manufacturing of heterogeneous metals
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    Yi Ma, Yingchun Guan. Research and Application Progress in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Heterogeneous Metals (Invited)[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(10): 1002304
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