Railway disaster monitoring and evaluation by using satellite remote sensing technology is of great significance for ensuring the safety of railway construction and operation, and enhancing railway disaster prevention, reduction, and relief capabilities. Analyzing the current problems in the application of satellite remote sensing for railway disasters, combined with the development of satellite remote sensing in China and the actual emergency management work in the new era, this paper explores the practical application requirements of satellite remote sensing technology in the entire process of railway disaster management, including disaster reduction, preparedness, emergency response, and recovery and reconstruction. Aiming at the main disasters affecting railway safety, the application methods and capabilities of satellite remote sensing monitoring and evaluation technology in railway emergency management are analyzed. With regard to typical examples of disasters such as floods, geology, forest fires and snowstorms, technical processes for monitoring and assessing railway disasters by satellite remote sensing have been established, and the effects of satellite remote sensing on railway disaster emergency management have been further analyzed. The results show that satellite remote sensing technology can realize pre-disaster risk monitoring and post-disaster loss evaluation of major railway disasters, and can effectively support the whole process of railway disaster management. The integrated application of multiple means and dynamic monitoring can improve the decision support effect of remote sensing information, which has a broad application prospect in the emergency management of railway disasters.