[1] S A Adachi, F Kimura, H Kusaka et al. Comparison of the impact of global climate changes and urbanization on summertime future climate in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology, 51, 1441-1454(2013).

[2] W N Adger, T A Benjaminsen, K Brown et al. Advancing a political ecology of global environmental discourses. Development and Change, 32, 681-715(2001).

[3] J Agyeman, R D Bullard, B Evans. Exploring the nexus: Bringing together sustainability, environmental justice and equity. Space & Polity, 6, 77-90(2002).

[4] M Alberti. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. New York: Springer(2008).

[5] M Alberti. Eco-evolutionary dynamics in an urbanizing planet. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30, 114-126(2015).

[6] L An, A Zvoleff, J G Liu et al. Agent-based modeling in coupled human and natural systems (CHANS): Lessons from a comparative analysis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104, 723-745(2014).

[7] D R Armitage, R Plummer, F Berkes et al. Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 95-102(2009).

[8] K Bäckstrand. Civic science for sustainability: Reframing the role of experts, policy-makers and citizens in environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 3, 24-41(2003).

[9] X Bai, T Mcphearson, H Cleugh et al. Linking urbanization and the environment: Conceptual and empirical advances. Annual Review of Environment & Resources, 42, 215-240(2016).

[10] P Bak. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-organized Criticality. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media(2013).

[11] M Batty. The New Science of Cities(2013).

[12] Ö Bodin. Collaborative environmental governance: Achieving collective action in social-ecological systems. Science, 357(2017).

[13] R Boumans, J Roman, I Altman et al. The multiscale integrated model of ecosystem services (MIMES): Simulating the interactions of coupled human and natural systems. Ecosystem Services, 12, 30-41(2015).

[14] N Brenner. The urban question: Reflections on Henri Lefebvre, urban theory and the politics of scale. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, 361-378(2000).

[15] N Brenner. Theses on urbanization. Public Culture, 25, 85-114(2013).

[16] N Brenner, C Schmid. Planetary urbanization. In: Gandy M. Urban Constellations. Berlin: Jovis(2011).

[17] N Brenner, C Schmid. Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization. Berlin: Jovis(2014).

[18] M Buckley, K Strauss. With, against and beyond Lefebvre: Planetary urbanization and epistemic plurality. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 34, 617-636(2016).

[19] A Carlson, J Zaehringer, R Garrett et al. Toward rigorous telecoupling causal attribution: A systematic review and typology. Sustainability, 10, 4426(2018).

[20] A K Carlson, W W Taylor, J Liu et al. The telecoupling framework: An integrative tool for enhancing fisheries management. Fisheries, 42, 395-397(2017).

[21] F S Chapin, M E Power, S T Pickett et al. Earth stewardship: Science for action to sustain the human-earth system. Ecosphere, 2, 1-20(2011).

[22] W C Clark, Kerkhoff L Van, L Lebel et al. Crafting usable knowledge for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 4570-4578(2016).

[23] R Costanza, L Wainger, C Folke et al. Modeling complex ecological economic systems: Toward an evolutionary, dynamic understanding of people and nature. BioScience, 43, 545-555(1993).

[24] X Cui, C Fang, H Liu et al. Assessing sustainability of urbanization by a coordinated development index for an urbanization-resources-environment complex system: A case study of Jing-Jin-Ji region, China. Ecological Indicators, 96, 383-391(2019).

[25] G C Daily. Nature’s Services(1997).

[26] C Dalin, N Hanasaki, H Qiu et al. Water resources transfers through Chinese interprovincial and foreign food trade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 9774-9779(2014).

[27] H E Daly. On Wilfred Beckerman's critique of sustainable development. Environmental Values, 4, 49-55(1995).

[28] J M Deines, X Liu, J Liu. Telecoupling in urban water systems: An examination of Beijing’s imported water supply. Water International, 41, 251-270(2016).

[29] T Dietz. Drivers of human stress on the environment in the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Environment & Resources, 42, 189-213(2017).

[30] T Dietz, E Ostrom, P C Stern. The struggle to govern the commons. Science, 302, 1907-1912(2003).

[31] G Dong, R Harris. Spatial autoregressive models for geographically hierarchical data structures. Geographical Analysis, 47, 173-191(2015).

[32] J Fan, Y Wang, Z Ouyang et al. Risk forewarning of regional development sustainability based on a natural resources and environmental carrying index in China. Earth’s Future, 5, 196-213(2017).

[33] B Fang, Y Tan, C Li et al. Energy sustainability under the framework of telecoupling. Energy, 106, 253-259(2016).

[34] C Fang, H Liu, G Li. International progress and evaluation on interactive coupling effects between urbanization and the eco-environment. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26, 1081-1116(2016).

[35] C Fang, H Liu, G Li et al. Estimating the impact of urbanization on air quality in China using spatial regression models. Sustainability, 7, 15570-15592(2015).

[36] C Fang, Y Ren. Analysis of emergy-based metabolic efficiency and environmental pressure on the local coupling and telecoupling between urbanization and the eco-environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Science China-Earth Sciences, 60, 1083-1097(2017).

[37] C Fang, Y Yang. Basic laws of the interactive coupling system of urbanization and ecological environment. Arid Land Geography, 29, 1-8(2006).

[38] K Fang, R Heijungs, Snoo G R de. Theoretical exploration for the combination of the ecological, energy, carbon, and water footprints: Overview of a footprint family. Ecological Indicators, 36, 508-518(2014).

[39] C Folke. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253-267(2006).

[40] T L Friedman. The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. London: Macmillan(2005).

[41] B Fu, S Wang, J Zhang et al. Unravelling the complexity in achieving the 17 sustainable development goals. National Science Review, 6, 386-388(2019).

[42] H Fu, X Liu. Research on the phenomenon of Chinese residents’ spiritual contagion for the reuse of recycled water based on SC-IAT. Water, 9, 846(2017).

[43] M Glaser, G Krause, B M Ratter et al. Human-nature Interactions in the Anthropocene: Potentials of Social-ecological Systems Analysis. London: Routledge(2012).

[44] A S Goudie. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment: Past, Present, And Future. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons(2013).

[45] L H Gunderson, C S Holling. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems(2001).

[46] J L Hau, B R Bakshi. Promise and problems of emergy analysis. Ecological Modelling, 178, 215-225(2004).

[47] C S Holling. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems, 4, 390-405(2001).

[48] D Hummel, S Adamo, A D Sherbinin et al. Inter- and transdisciplinary approaches to population-environment research for sustainability aims: A review and appraisal. Population & Environment, 34, 481-509(2013).

[49] B Jiang, D Ma. How complex is a fractal? Head/tail breaks and fractional hierarchy. Journal of Geovisualization & Spatial Analysis, 2, 1-6(2018).

[50] R W Kates, W C Clark, R Corell et al. Sustainability science. Science, 292, 641-642(2001).

[51] R H Kripalani, A Kulkarni. Monsoon rainfall variations and teleconnections over South and East Asia. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 603-616(2001).

[52] M Leach, B Reyers, X Bai et al. Equity and sustainability in the Anthropocene: A social-ecological systems perspective on their intertwined futures. Global Sustainability, 1, 1-13(2018).

[53] S Lee, C H Ho, G L Yun et al. Influence of transboundary air pollutants from China on the high-PM₁₀ episode in Seoul, Korea for the period October 16-20, 2008. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 430-439(2013).

[54] J Li. Exploring the logic and landscape of the knowledge system: Multilevel structures, each multiscaled with complexity at the mesoscale. Engineering, 2, 276-285(2016).

[55] R Li, L Dong, J Zhang et al. Simple spatial scaling rules behind complex cities. Nature Communications, 8, 1841(2017).

[56] X Li, G Cheng, H Lin et al. Watershed system model: The essentials to model complex human-nature system at the river basin scale. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 3019-3034(2018).

[57] X Li, Y Yang, Y Liu. Research progress in man-land relationship evolution and its resource-environment base in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27, 899-924(2017).

[58] H Liu, C Fang, H Mao et al. Mechanism of oasis urbanization: A theoretical framework based on complexity theory. Geographical Research, 35, 242-255(2016).

[59] H Liu, C Fang, Y Miao et al. Spatio-temporal evolution of population and urbanization in the countries along the Belt and Road 1950-2050. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28, 919-936(2018).

[60] H Liu, C Fang, S Sun. Digital inequality in provincial China. Environment and Planning A, 49, 2179-2182(2017).

[61] H Liu, C Fang, X Zhang et al. The effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on haze pollution in Chinese cities: A spatial econometrics approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 323-333(2017).

[62] H Liu, P Shi, X Yang et al. Self-organization evolution simulation and empirical study of Human-water System. Journal of Natural Resources, 29, 709-718(2014).

[63] J Liu. Integration across a metacoupled world. Ecology and Society, 22, 29(2017).

[64] J Liu, T Dietz, S R Carpenter et al. Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317, 1513-1516(2007).

[65] J Liu, V Hull, M Batistella et al. Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world. Ecology and Society, 18, 26(2013).

[66] J Liu, V Hull, H C J Godfray et al. Nexus approaches to global sustainable development. Nature Sustainability, 1, 466(2018).

[67] J Liu, V Hull, E Moran et al. Applications of the telecoupling framework to land-change science. In: Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era(2014).

[68] J Liu, S Li, Z Ouyang et al. Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 9477-9482(2008).

[69] J Liu, H Mooney, V Hull et al. Sustainability: Systems integration for global sustainability. Science, 347, 1258832(2015).

[70] J Liu, W Yang. Integrated assessments of payments for ecosystem services programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 16297-16298(2013).

[71] J Liu, W Yang, S Li. Framing ecosystem services in the telecoupled Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment, 14, 27-36(2016).

[72] J G Liu, T Dietz, S R Carpenter et al. Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317, 1513-1516(2007).

[73] H Long, Y Liu, X Hou et al. Effects of land use transitions due to rapid urbanization on ecosystem services: Implications for urban planning in the new developing area of China. Habitat International, 44, 536-544(2014).

[74] Y Malhi. The concept of the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42, 77-104(2017).

[75] J M Marzluff, E Shulenberger, W Endlicher et al. An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature. New York: Springer(2008).

[76] R I McDonald, P Kareiva, R T T Formana. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 141, 1695-1703(2008).

[77] M R McHale, S T A Pickett, O Barbosa et al. The new global urban realm: Complex, connected, diffuse, and diverse social-ecological systems. Sustainability, 7, 5211-5240(2015).

[78] J Meng, J Liu, Y Xu et al. Globalization and pollution: Tele-connecting local primary PM_2.5 emissions to global consumption. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 472(2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956874

[79] Z Mi, Y-M Wei, B Wang et al. Socioeconomic impact assessment of China’s CO₂ emissions peak prior to 2030. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2227-2236(2017).

[80] A T Morzillo, Beurs K M de, C J Martin-Mikle. A conceptual framework to evaluate human-wildlife interactions within coupled human and natural systems. Ecology and Society, 19, 44(2014).

[81] H Nagendra, X Bai, E S Brondizio et al. The urban south and the predicament of global sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 1, 341(2018).

[82] J Newig, O Fritsch. Environmental governance: Participatory, multi-level and effective?. Environmental Policy and Governance, 19, 197-214(2009).

[83] E Ostrom. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325, 419-422(2009).

[84] K J Preacher, K Kelley. Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychol Methods, 16, 93-115(2011).

[85] J G Qi, J Q Chen, S Q Wan et al. Understanding the coupled natural and human systems in Dryland East Asia. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 15202-15207(2012).

[86] F Ruf, G Schroth, K Doffangui. Climate change, cocoa migrations and deforestation in West Africa: What does the past tell us about the future?. Sustainability Science, 10, 101-111(2015).

[87] A D Sherbinin, L Vanwey, K Mcsweeney et al. Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Global Environmental Change, 18, 38-53(2008).

[88] W Steffen, R Leinfelder, J Zalasiewicz et al. Stratigraphic and earth system approaches to defining the Anthropocene. Earth’s Future, 4, 324-345(2016).

[89] W Steffen, K Richardson, J Rockstrom et al. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347, 736(2015).

[90] W Steffen, R A Sanderson, P D Tyson et al. Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet under Pressure. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media(2006).

[91] W Tobler. On the first law of geography: A reply. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94, 304-310(2004).

[92] K Tscherning, K Helming, B Krippner et al. Does research applying the DPSIR framework support decision making?. Land Use Policy, 29, 102-110(2012).

[93] B L Turner, R E Kasperson, P A Matson et al. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 8074-8079(2003).

[94] R Wang, L Feng, H Dan et al. Understanding eco-complexity: Social-economic-natural complex ecosystem approach. Ecological Complexity, 8, 15-29(2011).

[95] Z Wang, X Ye, J Lee et al. A spatial econometric modeling of online social interactions using microblogs. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 70, 53-58(2018).

[96] B Warf. Time-space Compression: Historical Geographies. London: Routledge(2008).

[97] K Warner. Global environmental change and migration: Governance challenges. Global Environmental Change, 20, 402-413(2010).

[98] B Werner, D McNamara. Dynamics of coupled human-landscape systems. Geomorphology, 91, 393-407(2007).

[99] B Wu, P Liu, X Xu. An evolutionary analysis of low-carbon strategies based on the government-enterprise game in the complex network context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 168-179(2017).

[100] C Wu. Research core of geography: The human-earth areal systems. Economic Geography, 11, 1-6(1991).

[101] J Wu. Landscape sustainability science: Ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 28, 999-1023(2013).

[102] J Wu, W N Xiang, J Zhao. Urban ecology in China: Historical developments and future directions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 222-233(2014).

[103] W N Xiang. Ecophronesis: The ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 53-60(2016).

[104] Y Xiao, G Xie, L Zhen et al. Identifying the areas benefitting from the prevention of wind erosion by the key ecological function area for the protection of desertification in Hunshandake, China. Sustainability, 9, 1820(2017).

[105] J Xu, L Chen, Y Lu et al. Local people's perceptions as decision support for protected area management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 78, 362-372(2006).

[106] D Yang, J Cai, V Hull et al. New road for telecoupling global prosperity and ecological sustainability. Ecosystem Health & Sustainability, 2, e01242(2016).

[107] R York, E A Rosa, T Dietz. STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46, 351-365(2003).

[108] D D Zhang, P Brecke, H F Lee et al. Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 19214-19219(2007).

[109] S Zhao, C Peng, H Jiang et al. Land use change in Asia and the ecological consequences. Ecological Research, 21, 890-896(2006).

[110] X Zhao, J Liu, Q Liu et al. Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112, 1031-1035(2015).

[111] S Zheng, H Yi, H Li. The impacts of provincial energy and environmental policies on air pollution control in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 386-394(2015).

[112] K S Zimmerer, T J Bassett. Political Ecology: An Integrative Approach to Geography and Environment-development Studies.