In order to fully utilize the operational potential of ground-attacking UAVsa UAV operational effectiveness evaluation model is proposed based on Firefly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM).Firstaccording to the characteristics of UAVs and the requirements of the battlefieldan index system for operational effectiveness evaluation of ground-attacking UAVs is established from the perspective of mathematical statistics.Thenin order to overcome the shortcomings of a single kernel functiona polynomial kernel function and a Gaussian kernel function are used to construct a hybrid kernel function for RVM.Finallybased on the built evaluation index systemrelevant parameters of the multi-kernel RVM are optimized by using FOA algorithmand an operational effectiveness evaluation model of ground-attacking UAVs is established.Simulation analysis shows thatthe proposed model is superior to the RVM model with a single Gaussian kernel or a single polynomial kernel in various evaluation indices with high evaluation accuracythus the effectiveness and feasibility of it is proved.