Author Affiliations
1Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 00084, China2Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Beijing 100084, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. TV ratings at different time.
Fig. 2. Time relationship in TV dissemination model.
Fig. 3. Radio ratings at different time.
Fig. 4. Time relationship in radio dissemination model.
Fig. 5. The coverage ability for different media.
Fig. 6. The pre-warning coverage ability for different groups.
Fig. 7. Dissemination process of pre-warning issued at 2 : 00.
Fig. 8. Dissemination process of pre-warning issued at 7 : 00.
Fig. 9. Dissemination process of pre-warning issued at 12 : 00.
Fig. 10. Dissemination process of pre-warning issued at 17 : 00.
Fig. 11. Dissemination process of pre-warning issued at 22 : 00.
Fig. 12. Issue efficiency of different media at different time.
Fig. 13. The needed time of coverage reaching 90% for different media.
Fig. 14. The average comparison result.
Fig. 15. The comparison at different time: (a) issue at 2:00, (b) issue at 8:00, (c) issue at 14:00, (d) issue at 20:00.
| | Issue process |
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| | Continuous | Discrete |
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Receive process | Continuous | Television | Radio | Discrete | Electronic screen social network SMS | Messenger |
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Table 1. Pre-warning information dissemination media classification
The overall proportion of elderly people over 60 | 17.3% | The rate of elderly people watching TV | 14.9% | The rate of elderly people listening to radio | 14.2% | The rate of elderly people having cars | 2.9% |
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Table 2. Proportion of elderly people in different populations.