Brillouin optical time-domain fiber optic sensing is a continuously distributed fiber optic sensing technology that can be widely used to obtain the distribution of physical quantities such as temperature and strain along the sensing fiber. In order to meet the fast measurement requirements in engineering applications, improving the measurement and processing speed of Brillouin scattering signals is one of the main concerns of researchers in the field of Brillouin fiber sensing. By analyzing the time-consuming sources of traditional Brillouin optical time-domain optical fiber sensing systems, the research progress of fast measurement technology in Brillouin optical time-domain sensing based on frequency modulation, power spectrum measurement, image processing denoising and improvement of Brillouin spectrum fitting methods were reviewed.