Thanks to the unique two dimensional quantum confinement effect and elimination of coupling perturbation between layers in two-dimensional (2D) materials, graphene, transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) MX2(M=Mo, W, Ti, Nb, et al.; X=S, Se, Te, et al.) and black phosphorous (BP) exhibit unique performances in electronics and photonics (compared to their bulk materials). This review mainly introduces the research progress on 2D materials including synthesis, physical properties, and ultrafast nonlinear optical performance and the devices based on the research results in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the prospect also is discussed.