[2] Liu Q, Wang S, Zhang W et al. Examining the effects of income inequality on CO₂ emissions: Evidence from non-spatial and spatial perspectives[J]. Applied Energy, 236, 163-171(2019).

[5] Ishii S, Tabushi S, Aramaki T et al. Impact of future urban form on the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from residential, commercial and public buildings in Utsunomiya, Japan[J]. Energy Policy, 38, 4888-4896(2010).

[10] Ping W, Wu W, Zhu B et al. Examining the impact factors of energy-related CO₂ emissions using the STIRPAT model in Guangdong Province, China[J]. Applied Energy, 106, 65-71(2013).

[14] Mielnik O, Goldemberg J. Communication the evolution of the "carbonization index" in developing countries[J]. Energy Policy, 27, 307-308(1999).

[15] Yamaji K, Matsuhashi R, Nagata Y et al. A study on economic measures for CO₂ reduction in Japan[J]. Energy Policy, 21, 123-132(1993).

[16] Sun J W. The decrease of CO₂ emission intensity is decarbonization at national and global levels[J]. Energy Policy, 33, 975-978(2005).

[17] Stretesky P B, Lynch M J. A cross-national study of the association between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and exports to the United States[J]. Social Science Research, 38, 239-250(2009).

[18] Zhang Z, Qu J, Zeng J. A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 18, 387-399(2008).

[19] Ang B W. Is the energy intensity a less useful indicator than the carbon factor in the study of climate change?[J]. Energy Policy, 27, 943-946(1999).

[22] Ramanathan R. Combining indicators of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions: A cross-country comparison[J]. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 17, 214-227(2002).

[23] Zhou P, Ang B W, Han J Y. Total factor carbon emission performance: A Malmquist index analysis[J]. Energy Economics, 32, 194-201(2010).

[24] Wang B, Lu Y, Yang Y. Measuring and decomposing energy productivity of China's industries under carbon emission constraints[J]. Journal of Financial Research, 128-141(2013).

[25] Meng M, Fu Y, Wang T et al. Analysis of low-carbon economy efficiency of Chinese industrial sectors based on a RAM model with undesirable outputs[J]. Sustainability, 9, 451(2017).

[26] Liu W B, Meng W, Li X X et al. DEA models with undesirable inputs and outputs[J]. Annals of Operations Research, 173, 177-194(2010).

[28] Du K, Huang L, Yu K. Sources of the potential CO₂ emission reduction in China: A nonparametric metafrontier approach[J]. Applied Energy, 115, 491-501(2014).

[30] Choi Y, Ning Z, Zhou P. Efficiency and abatement costs of energy-related CO₂ emissions in China: A slacks-based efficiency measure[J]. Applied Energy, 98, 198-208(2012).

[32] Shen C, Feng R, Yu B et al. Industrial CO₂ emissions efficiency and its determinants in China: Analyzing differences across regions and industry sectors[J]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27, 1239-1254(2018).

[33] IEA. World Energy Outlook 2012[J]. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2012.

[34] Wang S, Liu X. China's city-level energy-related CO₂ emissions: Spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces[J]. Applied Energy, 200, 204-214(2017).

[36] Tone K. A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 130, 498-509(2001).

[38] Zhou C, Shi C, Wang S et al. Estimation of eco-efficiency and its influencing factors in Guangdong province based on Super-SBM and panel regression models[J]. Ecological Indicators, 86, 67-80(2018).

[39] Wang J, Wang S, Li S et al. Evaluating the energy-environment efficiency and its determinants in Guangdong using a slack-based measure with environmental undesirable outputs and panel data model[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 663, 878-888(2019).

[41] Zhang J, Zeng W, Wang J et al. Regional low-carbon economy efficiency in China: Analysis based on the Super-SBM model with CO₂ emissions[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, 202-211(2017).

[42] Hong L, Fang K, Wei Y et al. Regional environmental efficiency evaluation in China: Analysis based on the Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs[J]. Mathematical & Computer Modelling, 58, 1018-1031(2013).

[43] Tone K. A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 143, 32-41(2002).

[44] Le Gallo J. Space-time analysis of GDP disparities among European regions: A Markov chains approach[J]. International Regional Science Review, 27, 138-163(2004).

[45] Wei Y H D, Liao F H. Dynamics, space, and regional inequality in provincial China: A case study of Guangdong province[J]. Applied Geography, 35, 71-83(2012).

[46] Rey S J. Spatial empirics for economic growth and convergence[J]. Geographical Analysis, 33, 195-214(2010).

[52] Wang S, Liu X, Zhou C et al. Examining the impacts of socioeconomic factors, urban form, and transportation networks on CO₂ emissions in China's megacities[J]. Applied Energy, 185, 189-200(2017).

[53] Wang S, Li Q, Fang C et al. The relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions: Empirical evidence from China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 542, 360-371(2016).