With the progress of science and technology, cutting-edge products and advanced photoelectric systems have increasingly higher requirements regarding the imaging quality of the optical system. Optical aspheric elements, which are widely used, can effectively correct the aberration, reduce the number of optical elements required by the system, and reduce the weight of the system. Because of the specific surface characteristics, machining and testing such systems are more difficult than for spherical particles; the testing accuracy directly determines the processing accuracy, and the importance of aspheric testing technology is obvious. Herein, the testing technology of optical aspheric surface is summarized according to measuring principle; As direct surface profilometry is widely used in optical aspheric surface machining, combined with the latest testing methods, the measurement technology of aspheric surface direct surface profilometry is mainly introduced; The application of freeform surface and surface profilometry in freeform surface testing, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years, is introduced; Finally, the present situation and development trend of aspheric surface testing technology are summarized.