Fig. 1. Hyperspectral Botswana image and its reference map
Fig. 2. Hyperspectral KSC image and its reference map
Fig. 3. Hyperspectral Indian Pine image and its reference map
Fig. 4. Comparison of average total classification accuracy
Fig. 5. Classification and comparison results of 20 band IP data sets (β = 0.1)
Fig. 6. Parameter sensitivity comparison of traditional VPRS
Fig. 7. Parameter sensitivity comparison of proposed method
Fig. 8. Accuracy of classification results generated by different sample numbers
Number of bands | Proposed method(β=0.1) | SVD | ID | WaLuDi | WaLuMI | RRS |
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OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD |
---|
5 | 86.64 | 0.855 | 0.577 | 86.21 | 0.851 | 0.488 | 73.64 | 0.714 | 0.329 | 79.76 | 0.781 | 0.861 | 86.12 | 0.85 | 0.425 | 88.77 | 0.878 | 0.481 | 10 | 90.73 | 0.9 | 0.268 | 94 | 0.935 | 0.293 | 91.14 | 0.904 | 0.192 | 90.85 | 0.901 | 0.407 | 90.88 | 0.901 | 0.32 | 92.89 | 0.923 | 0.227 | 15 | 93.31 | 0.928 | 0.275 | 94.64 | 0.942 | 0.329 | 93.2 | 0.926 | 0.341 | 93.15 | 0.926 | 0.276 | 92.19 | 0.915 | 0.336 | 94.67 | 0.929 | 0.284 | 20 | 94.08 | 0.936 | 0.262 | 95.3 | 0.949 | 0.37 | 94.23 | 0.938 | 0.251 | 94.64 | 0.942 | 0.316 | 93.46 | 0.929 | 0.287 | 95.12 | 0.936 | 0.249 | 25 | 95.51 | 0.951 | 0.322 | 95.83 | 0.955 | 0.247 | 94.63 | 0.942 | 0.249 | 95.39 | 0.95 | 0.281 | 94.32 | 0.938 | 0.355 | 95.78 | 0.943 | 0.226 | 30 | 96.02 | 0.957 | 0.343 | 96.72 | 0.964 | 0.373 | 94.97 | 0.946 | 0.191 | 96.18 | 0.959 | 0.187 | 95.02 | 0.946 | 0.37 | 96.95 | 0.954 | 0.252 |
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Table 1. Comparison of classification performance of Botswana dataset
Number of bands | Proposed method(β=0.1) | SVD | ID | WaLuDi | WaLuMI | RRS |
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OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD |
---|
5 | 84.91 | 0.831 | 0.241 | 58.25 | 0.53 | 0.958 | 52.98 | 0.465 | 0.383 | 81.96 | 0.798 | 0.505 | 81.38 | 0.791 | 0.216 | 80.77 | 0.785 | 0.322 | 10 | 88.97 | 0.877 | 0.205 | 66.08 | 0.618 | 0.541 | 57.25 | 0.515 | 0.459 | 85.84 | 0.842 | 0.295 | 90.04 | 0.889 | 0.442 | 90.31 | 0.892 | 0.172 | 15 | 91.74 | 0.908 | 0.198 | 69.45 | 0.657 | 0.498 | 61.26 | 0.561 | 0.42 | 89.54 | 0.883 | 0.359 | 92.49 | 0.916 | 0.307 | 92.76 | 0.919 | 0.269 | 20 | 92.99 | 0.922 | 0.275 | 70.94 | 0.674 | 0.389 | 63.67 | 0.589 | 0.466 | 90.2 | 0.891 | 0.287 | 93.32 | 0.926 | 0.183 | 93.48 | 0.927 | 0.273 | 25 | 94.12 | 0.934 | 0.14 | 72.66 | 0.693 | 0.287 | 68.57 | 0.646 | 0.341 | 90.97 | 0.899 | 0.439 | 93.9 | 0.932 | 0.253 | 94.11 | 0.934 | 0.306 | 30 | 94.44 | 0.938 | 0.099 | 76.54 | 0.737 | 0.505 | 71.17 | 0.676 | 0.414 | 92.2 | 0.911 | 0.316 | 94.51 | 0.939 | 0.245 | 94.44 | 0.938 | 0.308 |
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Table 2. Comparison of classification performance of KSC dataset
Number of bands | Proposed method(β=0.1) | SVD | ID | WaLuDi | WaLuMI | RRS |
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OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD | OA | KA | STD |
---|
5 | 69.61 | 0.649 | 0.272 | 69.88 | 0.65 | 0.517 | 52.46 | 0.443 | 0.416 | 60.59 | 0.535 | 0.356 | 60.9 | 0.541 | 0.341 | 67.03 | 0.616 | 0.496 | 10 | 80.78 | 0.78 | 0.183 | 80.16 | 0.773 | 0.2 | 55.87 | 0.483 | 0.651 | 75.15 | 0.714 | 0.216 | 77.85 | 0.745 | 0.221 | 75.19 | 0.714 | 0.236 | 15 | 83.92 | 0.816 | 0.237 | 84.62 | 0.824 | 0.222 | 58.71 | 0.518 | 0.584 | 84.06 | 0.818 | 0.232 | 80.24 | 0.773 | 0.17 | 80 | 0.771 | 0.256 | 20 | 86.38 | 0.844 | 0.242 | 86.24 | 0.843 | 0.219 | 62.31 | 0.557 | 0.465 | 85.78 | 0.837 | 0.223 | 85.39 | 0.833 | 0.206 | 83.17 | 0.807 | 0.408 | 25 | 87.42 | 0.856 | 0.192 | 86.92 | 0.851 | 0.193 | 64.93 | 0.593 | 0.381 | 87.75 | 0.86 | 0.206 | 86.44 | 0.845 | 0.173 | 84.83 | 0.826 | 0.229 | 30 | 88.7 | 0.871 | 0.252 | 87.93 | 0.862 | 0.305 | 69.24 | 0.647 | 0.205 | 88.73 | 0.871 | 0.168 | 87.69 | 0.859 | 0.259 | 86.65 | 0.847 | 0.275 |
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Table 3. Comparison of classification performance of Indian pine dataset
Datasets | SVD | ID | WaLuDi | WaLuMI | RRS |
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Botswana | 3 290.1 | 1 228.4 | 175.44 | 4 675.3 | 437.5 | KSC | 6 425.8 | 12 547.8 | 2 445.65 | 131.5 | 9.67 | IP | 2 265.6 | 135 636.3 | 136.05 | 19 661.1 | 19 500 |
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Table 4. Comparison of |z| scores obtained
Datasets | SVD | ID | WaLuDi | WaLuMI | RRS | VPRS(β=0.1) |
---|
Botswana | 357.9 | 656.2 | 647.8 | 700.4 | 514.9 | 515.8 | KSC | 316.6 | 542.3 | 540.7 | 585.9 | 433.6 | 430.7 | IP | 21.8 | 36.9 | 36.8 | 39.8 | 29.5 | 29.3 |
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Table 5. Comparison of calculation time