This paper reports an investigation of laser shock processing (LSP) used as a method to improve the service time of fastener holes. A series of experiments to optimize the LSP parameters were carried out carefully. On the basis of the data obtained, a group of fatigue tests have been done. The results show that the fatigue lifetime of fastener holes treated by LSP can be increased significantly. It is expected that LSP will be used as a good treatment for improving the fatigue life of aviation structures.