Pulsed laser shocks are adopted to conduct a shock penning processing on the surface of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloys, and the diffraction pattern and microstructure of specimen surface are obtained by the X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and the field emission transmission electron microscope (TEM). A microstructure response model of the laser shock processed 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy surface is established. The results indicate that, when the laser power density is 1.83 GW·cm-2, the destabilization decomposition of supersaturated solid solution occurs; when the laser power density is 2.34 GW·cm-2, the grain size increases; when the laser power density is 2.85 GW·cm-2, nanocrystals are produced on the specimen surface. The XRD pattern and the TEM analysis results of laser shock processed 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy surface are of consistency.