The application of many pesticides in agricultural production has increased the output of agricultural products. However, the excessive use of pesticides also threatens the food safety of agricultural products in China. Therefore, rapid and effective detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products has become an urgent requirement in the environment of agricultural production. Fluorescence spectrum analysis technology has presented outstanding high sensitivity and favorable time scale, and good resolving power for multi-component pesticide residue detection. Compared with pesticide residue detection methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and gas-mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectrum analysis technology has advantages of simple pretreatment and fast detection speed. Therefore, fluorescence spectroscopy detection technology has been well utilized in the complex pesticide residue detection environment. This article mainly introduces the rapid detection method of pesticide residues based on fluorescence spectrum analysis technology and summarizes the application of traditional fluorescence spectrum analysis methods in pesticide residue detection, as well as the combination of synchronization, derivative method, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, neural network, biosensor, metal nanomaterials. Finally, the limitations and challenges of pesticide residue detection based on fluorescence spectroscopy were analyzed. The wider application of fluorescence spectrum analysis technology in pesticide residue detection needs to be realized through the continuous development of fluorescence detection instruments towards integration and modularization, so that the detection is faster and more efficient.