[1] S.-Y.Lee. Accelerator Physics(2018).
[2] C.Karzmark, R.Loevinger, R.Steele, M.Weissbluth. A technique for large-field, superficial electron therapy. Radiology, 74, 633-644(1960).
[3] M.Hussain, B.Neumaier, S. M.Qaim, I.Spahn. Continuing nuclear data research for production of accelerator-based novel radionuclides for medical use: A mini-review. Front. Phys., 9, 639290(2021).
[4] I.Hofmann. Review of accelerator driven heavy ion nuclear fusion. Matter Radiat. Extremes, 3, 1-11(2018).
[5] S.M?ller. Accelerator Technology: Applications in Science, Medicine, and Industry(2020).
[6] R. P.Godwin. Synchrotron radiation as a light source. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics: Ergebnisse der exakten Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 51, 1-73(1969).
[7] D. A.Deacon, L.Elias, J. M.Madey, G.Ramian, H.Schwettman, T. I.Smith. First operation of a free-electron laser. Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, 892(1977).
[8] A.Beck, S.Corde, R.Fitour, G.Lambert, E.Lefebvre, V.Malka, A.Rousse, K.Ta Phuoc. Femtosecond x rays from laser-plasma accelerators. Rev. Mod. Phys., 85, 1(2013).
[9] M.Chen, C.Fruhling, G.Golovin, D.Haden, C.Liu, J.Luo, W.Yan, J.Zhang, P.Zhang, B.Zhao et al. High-order multiphoton Thomson scattering. Nat. Photonics, 11, 514-520(2017).
[10] F.Albert, N.Bourgeois, S.Cipiccia, J. M.Cole, S. J.Dann, A. E.Hussein, B.Kettle, Y.Ma, N.Senabulya, M.Streeter et al. Laser-wakefield accelerators for high-resolution x-ray imaging of complex microstructures. Sci. Rep., 9, 3249(2019).
[11] F.Albert, R.Baggott, N.Bourgeois, J.Cole, S.Dann, K.Falk, E.Gerstmayr, B.Kettle, M.Streeter et al. Single-shot multi-keV X-ray absorption spectroscopy using an ultrashort laser-wakefield accelerator source. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 254801(2019).
[12] Y.Chen, M.Fang, K.Feng, K.Jiang, L.Ke, Y.Leng, R.Li, J.Liu, J.Liu, R.Qi, Z.Qin, C.Wang, H.Wang, W.Wang, F.Wu, Y.Xu, Z.Xu, X.Yang, C.Yu, Z.Zhang. Free-electron lasing at 27 nanometres based on a laser wakefield accelerator. Nature, 595, 516-520(2021).
[13] F.Bezrukov, M. Y.Kalmykov, B. A.Kniehl, M.Shaposhnikov. Higgs boson mass and new physics. J. High Energy Phys., 2012, 140.
[14] J.Dawson, T.Tajima. Laser electron accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 43, 267(1979).
[15] E.Esarey, W.Leemans, C.Schroeder. Physics of laser-driven plasma-based electron accelerators. Rev. Mod. Phys., 81, 1229(2009).
[16] C.Benedetti, J.Bin, S.Bulanov, J.Daniels, T.De Raadt, A.Gonsalves, K.Nakamura, C.Pieronek, S.Steinke, J.Van Tilborg et al. Petawatt laser guiding and electron beam acceleration to 8 GeV in a laser-heated capillary discharge waveguide. Phys. Rev. Lett., 122, 084801(2019).
[17] F.Burgy, J.Faure, Y.Glinec, S.Gordienko, S.Kiselev, E.Lefebvre, V.Malka, A.Pukhov, J.-P.Rousseau. A laser–plasma accelerator producing monoenergetic electron beams. Nature, 431, 541-544(2004).
[18] D.Bruhwiler, J.Cary, E.Esarey, C.Geddes, W.Leemans, C.Nieter, C.Schroeder, C.Toth, J.Van Tilborg. High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding. Nature, 431, 538-541(2004).
[19] J.Collier, A. E.Dangor, E.Divall, P.Foster, J.Gallacher, C.Hooker, S. P.Mangles, C.Murphy, Z.Najmudin, A. G. R.Thomas et al. Monoenergetic beams of relativistic electrons from intense laser–plasma interactions. Nature, 431, 535-538(2004).
[20] Y.-Y.Chang, N.Fazel, W.Henderson, R.Korzekwa, Z.Li, H.-E.Tsai, X.Wang, S.Yi, R.Zgadzaj, X.Zhang et al. Quasi-monoenergetic laser-plasma acceleration of electrons to 2 GeV. Nat. Commun., 4, 1988(2013).
[21] C.Benedetti, S.Bulanov, J.Daniels, A.Gonsalves, W.Leemans, H.-S.Mao, D.Mittelberger, K.Nakamura, C.Schroeder, C.Tóth et al. Multi-GeV electron beams from capillary-discharge-guided subpetawatt laser pulses in the self-trapping regime. Phys. Rev. Lett., 113, 245002(2014).
[22] N. M.Delbos, T.Eichner, L.Hübner, S.Jalas, L.Jeppe, S. W.Jolly, M.Kirchen, V.Leroux, A. R.Maier, P.Messner, M.Schnepp, M.Trunk, P. A.Walker, C.Werle, P.Winkler. Decoding sources of energy variability in a laser-plasma accelerator. Phys. Rev. X, 10, 031039(2020).
[23] S.Bohlen, T.Brümmer, R.D’Arcy, F.Grüner, C. A.Lindstr?m, M.Meisel, J.Osterhoff, K.P?der, T.Staufer, J. C.Wood. Stability of ionization-injection-based laser-plasma accelerators. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, 25, 031301(2022).
[24] E.Esarey, W.Leemans. Laser-driven plasma-wave electron accelerators. Phys. Today, 62, 44-49(2009).
[25] C.Benedetti, J.Daniels, E.Esarey, C. G. R.Geddes, A. J.Gonsalves, W. P.Leemans, N. H.Matlis, K.Nakamura, C. B.Schroeder, B. H.Shaw, S.Steinke, K. K.Swanson, J.van Tilborg. Multistage coupling of independent laser-plasma accelerators. Nature, 530, 190-193(2016).
[26] E.Gschwendtner, P.Muggli. Plasma wakefield accelerators. Nat. Rev. Phys., 1, 246-248(2019).
[27] T.Abe, G.Alexander, B.Ananthanarayan, A.Babich, D.Barber, A.Bartl, V.Bharadwaj, A.Brachmann, S.Chen, G.Moortgat-Pick et al. Polarized positrons and electrons at the linear collider. Phys. Rep., 460, 131-243(2008).
[28] V.Shiltsev, F.Zimmermann. Modern and future colliders. Rev. Mod. Phys., 93, 015006(2021).
[29] D.Del Sorbo, C. P.Ridgers, D.Seipt, A. G. R.Thomas. Theory of radiative electron polarization in strong laser fields. Phys. Rev. A, 98, 023417(2018).
[30] K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel, J.-X.Li, Y.-F.Li, R.Shaisultanov, F.Wan. Ultrarelativistic electron-beam polarization in single-shot interaction with an ultraintense laser pulse. Phys. Rev. Lett., 122, 154801(2019).
[31] Y.-Y.Chen, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, P.-L.He, C. H.Keitel, R.Shaisultanov. Polarized positron beams via intense two-color laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 174801(2019).
[32] D.Del Sorbo, C. P.Ridgers, D.Seipt, A. G. R.Thomas. Ultrafast polarization of an electron beam in an intense bichromatic laser field. Phys. Rev. A, 100, 061402(R)(2019).
[33] B.Feng, X.Geng, Z.Guo, Q.Han, L.Ji, C.Qin, B.Shen, N.Wang, W.Wang, Y.Wu et al. Spin-dependent radiative deflection in the quantum radiation-reaction regime. New J. Phys., 22, 013007(2020).
[34] Y.-Y.Chen, R.-T.Guo, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel, J.-X.Li, X.-G.Ren, R.Shaisultanov, F.Wan, Z.-F.Xu, K.Xue. Generation of arbitrarily polarized GeV lepton beams via nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process. Fundam. Res., 2, 539-545(2022).
[35] Y.-Y.Chen, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel, Y.-F.Li. Helicity transfer in strong laser fields via the electron anomalous magnetic moment. Phys. Rev. Lett., 128, 174801(2022).
[36] C. H.Keitel, M.Tamburini, M.Wen. Polarized laser-wakefield-accelerated kiloampere electron beams. Phys. Rev. Lett., 122, 214801(2019).
[37] G.Balint-Kurti, J.Beswick, A.Brown, T.Kitsopoulos, T.Rakitzis, P.Samartzis, R.Toomes, O.Vasyutinskii. Spin-polarized hydrogen atoms from molecular photodissociation. Science, 300, 1936-1938(2003).
[38] A.Andreev, L.Bougas, P.Glodic, H.Jiang, G.Koumarianou, T. P.Rakitzis, P. C.Samartzis, D.Sofikitis. Highly nuclear-spin-polarized deuterium atoms from the UV photodissociation of deuterium iodide. Phys. Rev. Lett., 118, 233401(2017).
[39] G. K.Boulogiannis, C. S.Kannis, T. P.Rakitzis, D.Sofikitis. Ultrahigh-density spin-polarized H and D observed via magnetization quantum beats. Phys. Rev. Lett., 121, 083001(2018).
[40] S.Bohlen, T.Brümmer, R.D’Arcy, F.Grüner, C. A.Lindstr?m, M.Meisel, J.Osterhoff, K.P?der, T.Staufer, M. J. V.Streeter, M. C.Veale, J. C.Wood. In situ measurement of electron energy evolution in a laser-plasma accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 129, 244801(2022).
[41] L.Drescher, O.Kornilov, B.Schütte, V.Shokeen, M. J. J.Vrakking, T.Witting. Extreme-ultraviolet spectral compression by four-wave mixing. Nat. Photonics, 15, 263-266(2021).
[42] J.B?ker, M.Büscher, R.Engels, R.Gebel, A.Hützen, A.Lehrach, A.Pukhov, T. P.Rakitzis, D.Sofikitis, J.Thomas. Polarized proton beams from laser-induced plasmas. High Power Laser Sci. Eng., 7, e16(2019).
[43] B.Feng, X.Geng, Z.Guo, L.Ji, C.Qin, N.Wang, W.Wang, Y.Wu, X.Yan, Q.Yu et al. Polarized electron-beam acceleration driven by vortex laser pulses. New J. Phys., 21, 073052(2019).
[44] B.Feng, X.Geng, Z.Guo, L.Ji, C.Qin, N.Wang, W.Wang, Y.Wu, X.Yan, Q.Yu et al. Polarized electron acceleration in beam-driven plasma wakefield based on density down-ramp injection. Phys. Rev. E, 100, 043202(2019).
[45] J.B?ker, M.Büscher, R.Engels, I.Engin, R.Gebel, A.Hützen, A.Lehrach, A.Pukhov, T. P.Rakitzis, D.Sofikitis, J.Thomas. Polarized proton beams from a laser-plasma accelerator. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 34, 1942028(2019).
[46] M.Büscher, A.Hützen, L.Jin, B.Shen, J.Thomas, M.Wen, X.Zhang. Spin-polarized proton beam generation from gas-jet targets by intense laser pulses. Phys. Rev. E, 102, 011201(2020).
[47] Z.Gong, Y.Shou, Y.Tang, X.Yan. Energetic spin-polarized proton beams from two-stage coherent acceleration in laser-driven plasma. Phys. Rev. E, 102, 053212(2020).
[48] M.Büscher, X.Geng, A.Hützen, L.Ji, A.Lehrach, A.Pukhov, J.Thomas, Y.Wu. Scaling laws for the depolarization time of relativistic particle beams in strong fields. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, 23, 064401(2020).
[49] M.Büscher, M.Chen, P.Gibbon, A.Hützen, X.Li, Z.Sheng, S.Weng. Polarized proton acceleration in ultraintense laser interaction with near-critical-density plasmas. Phys. Rev. E, 104, 015216(2021).
[50] M.Büscher, A.Hützen, A.Pukhov, L.Reichwein. On the robustness of spin polarization for magnetic vortex accelerated proton bunches in density down-ramps. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 63, 085011(2021).
[51] M.Büscher, A.Pukhov, L.Reichwein. Acceleration of spin-polarized proton beams via two parallel laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, 25, 081001(2022).
[52] M.Büscher, A.Hützen, A.Pukhov, L.Reichwein. Spin-polarized particle beams from laser-plasma based accelerators. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2249, 012018(2022).
[53] L.Reichwein. Particle acceleration in plasmas: Non-linear wakefields for leptons and magnetic vortices for spin-polarized protons(2022).
[54] M.Büscher, M.Chen, H. C.Fan, P.Gibbon, S.Kawata, Q.Kong, X. F.Li, X. Y.Liu, J. F.Qu, Z. M.Sheng, S. M.Weng, Q.Yu. Control of electron beam polarization in the bubble regime of laser-wakefield acceleration. New J. Phys., 24, 083047(2022).
[55] X.Geng, L.Ji, B.Shen, Y.Wu, X.Yan, H.Zhang. Generation of polarized proton beams with gaseous targets from CO2-laser-driven collisionless shock acceleration. Phys. Plasmas, 29, 053101(2022).
[56] Y.Ding, R.Hu, M.Lv, Z.Tao, H.Zhou, S.Zou. Spin depolarization induced by self-generated magnetic fields during cylindrical implosions. Phys. Rev. E, 102, 043215(2020).
[57] W.An, C.Joshi, F.Li, K. A.Marsh, D.Matteo, F.Morales, W. B.Mori, N.Nambu, Z.Nie, S.Patchkovskii, O.Smirnova, F.Tsung. In situ generation of high-energy spin-polarized electrons in a beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 126, 054801(2021).
[58] E.Dodd, J. K.Kim, D.Umstadter. Laser injection of ultrashort electron pulses into wakefield plasma waves. Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 2073-2076(1996).
[59] E.Esarey, R.Hubbard, W.Leemans, P.Sprangle, A.Ting. Electron injection into plasma wakefields by colliding laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 2682(1997).
[60] J.Faure, Y.Glinec, A.Lifschitz, V.Malka, A.Norlin, C.Rechatin. Controlled injection and acceleration of electrons in plasma wakefields by colliding laser pulses. Nature, 444, 737-739(2006).
[61] L.-M.Chen, I.Daito, Y.Fukuda, Y.Hayashi, T.Homma, T.Kameshima, M.Kando, K.Kawase, H.Kotaki, J.Ma et al. Electron optical injection with head-on and countercrossing colliding laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, 194803(2009).
[62] A.Ben-Isma?l, F.Burgy, J.Faure, R.Fitour, J.Lim, V.Malka, C.Rechatin, A.Specka, A.Tafzi, H.Videau. Controlling the phase-space volume of injected electrons in a laser-plasma accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 164801(2009).
[63] L.Ammoura, A.Ben-Isma?l, X.Davoine, J.Faure, G.Gallot, J.-P.Goddet, E.Lefebvre, J.Lim, O.Lundh, V.Malka, C.Rechatin. Few femtosecond, few kiloampere electron bunch produced by a laser–plasma accelerator. Nat. Phys., 7, 219-222(2011).
[64] X.Davoine, J.Faure, E.Lefebvre, V.Malka, C.Rechatin. Cold optical injection producing monoenergetic, multi-GeV electron bunches. Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 065001(2009).
[65] A.Ben-Ismail, X.Davoine, J.Faure, E.Lefebvre, J. K.Lim, V.Malka, C.Rechatin. Laser-driven accelerators by colliding pulses injection: A review of simulation and experimental results. Phys. Plasmas, 16, 056703(2009).
[66] B.Aurand, H.Ekerfelt, M.Hansson, O.Lundh, A.Persson. Injection of electrons by colliding laser pulses in a laser wakefield accelerator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 829, 99-103(2016).
[67] S.Bohlen, Z.Gong, K.P?der, M. J.Quin, M.Tamburini. Colliding pulse injection of polarized electron bunches in a laser-plasma accelerator. Phys. Rev. Res., 5(2023).
[68] I. A.Andriyash, B. B.Godfrey, M.Kirchen, R.Lehe, J.-L.Vay. A spectral, quasi-cylindrical and dispersion-free particle-in-cell algorithm. Comput. Phys. Commun., 203, 66-82(2016).
[69] T.Arber, A.Bell, K.Bennett, C.Brady, R.Evans, P.Gillies, A.Lawrence-Douglas, M.Ramsay, C. P.Ridgers, H.Schmitz, N.Sircombe. Contemporary particle-in-cell approach to laser-plasma modelling. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 57, 113001(2015).
[70] P.Ehrenfest. Bemerkung über die angenäherte gültigkeit der klassischen mechanik innerhalb der quantenmechanik. Z. Phys., 45, 455-457(1927).
[71] L. H.Thomas. I. The kinematics of an electron with an axis. London, Edinburgh, Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci., 3, 1-22(1927).
[72] V.Bargmann, L.Michel, V.Telegdi. Precession of the polarization of particles moving in a homogeneous electromagnetic field. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2, 435(1959).
[73] C.-K.Huang, W.Mori, L.Silva, J.Vieira. Polarized beam conditioning in plasma based acceleration. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top.-Accel. Beams, 14, 071303(2011).
[74] Z.Gong, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel. Retrieving transient magnetic fields of ultrarelativistic laser plasma via ejected electron polarization. Phys. Rev. Lett., 127, 165002(2021).
[75] Z.Gong, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel. Deciphering in situ electron dynamics of ultrarelativistic plasma via polarization pattern of emitted γ-photons. Phys. Rev. Res., 4, L022024(2022).
[76] Z.Gong, K. Z.Hatsagortsyan, C. H.Keitel. Electron polarization in ultrarelativistic plasma current filamentation instabilities. Phys. Rev. Lett., 130, 015101(2023).
[77] A.Di Piazza, C. H.Keitel, A.Macchi, F.Pegoraro, M.Tamburini. Radiation reaction effects on radiation pressure acceleration. New J. Phys., 12, 123005(2010).
[78] A.Di Piazza, C. H.Keitel, T. V.Liseykina, A.Macchi, F.Pegoraro, M.Tamburini. Radiation reaction effects on electron nonlinear dynamics and ion acceleration in laser–solid interaction. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 653, 181-185(2011).
[79] H.Bauke, C. H.Keitel, M.Wen. Identifying the Stern-Gerlach force of classical electron dynamics. Sci. Rep., 6, 31624(2016).
[80] H.Bauke, C. H.Keitel, M.Wen. Spin-one-half particles in strong electromagnetic fields: Spin effects and radiation reaction. Phys. Rev. A, 95, 042102(2017).
[81] A. A.Sokolov, I. M.Ternov. Synchrotron radiation. Sov. Phys. J., 10, 39-47(1967).
[82] D.Bauer, P.Mulser, W. H.Steeb. Relativistic ponderomotive force, uphill acceleration, and transition to chaos. Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 4622-4625(1995).
[83] M.Jovanovi?, J.Meyer-ter Vehn, K.Mima, Y.Sentoku, Z.-M.Sheng, T.Taguchi, J.Zhang. Stochastic heating and acceleration of electrons in colliding laser fields in plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 055004(2002).
[84] C.Chen, Z.Gong, X.He, R.Hu, B.Qiao, Y.Shou, F.Xu, X.Yan. Radiation reaction induced spiral attractors in ultra-intense colliding laser beams. Matter Radiat. Extremes, 1, 308-315(2016).
[85] A.Arefiev, Z.Gong, R.Hu, Y.Shou, X.Yan, J.Yu. Radiation rebound and quantum splash in electron-laser collisions. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, 22, 093401(2019).
[86] A.Arefiev, Z.Gong, F.Mackenroth, X.Yan. Radiation reaction as an energy enhancement mechanism for laser-irradiated electrons in a strong plasma magnetic field. Sci. Rep., 9, 17181(2019).
[87] A. V.Arefiev, G.Chen, G. E.Cochran, A. P.Robinson, D. W.Schumacher. Temporal resolution criterion for correctly simulating relativistic electron motion in a high-intensity laser field. Phys. Plasmas, 22, 013103(2015).
[88] E.Esarey, M.Pilloff. Trapping and acceleration in nonlinear plasma waves. Phys. Plasmas, 2, 1432-1436(1995).
[89] E.Esarey, C. G.Geddes, A. J.Gonsalves, S.Hooker, W. P.Leemans, B.Nagler, K.Nakamura, C.Schroeder, C.Tóth. GeV electron beams from a centimetre-scale accelerator. Nat. Phys., 2, 696-699(2006).
[90] Here the potential φ(ξ) in the Hamiltonian H is obtained from the Ex at y = 0 of the 2D PIC simulation [see the black dashed line in Fig. 6(a)].
[91]
[92] H. A.Tolhoek. Electron polarization, theory and experiment. Rev. Mod. Phys., 28, 277-298(1956).
[93] Precision measurement of the weak charge of the proton. Nature, 557, 207-211(2018).
[94] M.Tamburini. Radiation reaction effects in superintense laser-plasma interaction(2011).
