In recent years, with the rapid development of socio-economy and acceleration of urbanization, China has entered the stage of a health transition, which means a shift to low fiber, high sugar and cholesterol diet, as well as a sedentary lifestyle. During the health transition, Chinese residents are facing severe obesity and the problems caused by metabolic system-related diseases. So it is significantly important to find the factors which influencing the physical health of Chinese residents during the special period. This study is based on longitudinal tracking survey data of 29586 adult residents from 635 communities in 25 provinces across the country from 2010 to 2016, using non-linear development models and multi-level logistic regression models to explain the trends of overweight or obesity in Chinese residents, and explore the mechanism under the interaction of individuals and the environment. The results show that the risk of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults measured by body mass index increased year by year, in which women, age, spouses, and average daily exercise time negatively affect the growth rate of Chinese body mass index. Moreover, the differences in overweight and obesity among Chinese adults are multilayered. Socioeconomic attributes, dietary habits, and behavioral patterns at the individual level, the built environment and natural environment at the community level, and the level of urbanization at the provincial level can all affect the occurrence of overweight and obesity in China. Finally, the influence factors of overweight and obesity between different levels have an interactive relationship, and the environment can indirectly affect the residents' overweight and obesity results by affecting the individual's psychological state and behavior choices. The purpose of this research is to help residents achieve better health and to provide theoretical basis for government agencies to formulate policies to promote population health.