The ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser is widely utilized in industrial manufacture and clinical medicine^[1] for its non-contact nature, high precision, high energy, and power tunability. With a special working window in the 9–11 µm wavelength range, in which light is strongly absorbed by biological tissues components, such as hydroxyapatite and water^[2], the ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser could efficiently ablate both hard and soft tissues^[3], and thereby it is widely used in surgical clinical treatment, such as otolaryngology^[4] and neurosurgery^[5]. However, the widespread use of high-energy ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ lasers creates safety hazards for exposed humans. Once fault oriented, ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser power of more than 5 W on the cornea and skin can cause loss of vision^[6,7] and burns^[6,8], respectively. Moreover, ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ lasers have been extensively employed in the material processing industry^[9] due to the ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser being strongly absorbed by materials such as paper, wood, plastics, glass, stone, and different composite materials products^[10,11]. Hence, high-energy ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser irradiation on optical components can inflict damage on optical performance^[12]. At present, common protective equipment for ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser irradiation is mainly based on reflective lenses of rigid glass substrate^[13]. This device is with high cost, lacking of lightweight feel, and limited pinpoint accuracy and accessibility for operators. In practical applications, there is a need to enhance the flexibility and maneuverability of protective equipment to accommodate the requirements for the protection of movable joints and mobile optical components^[13]. Optical metamaterials based on one-dimensional photonic crystals show promise in optical field regulation with scalability^[14–16]. The photonic bandgap structure in thin sheet (thickness: several tens to hundreds of micrometers)^[17] can achieve high reflectivity at a specific wavelength ($\mathit{R}\sim 99\%$). The structural design using the mid-infrared photonic band on a polymer substrate can provide enhanced film flexibility and reflectivity to extend the protection range for wearable needs^[18–20].

Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) are an ideal material with excellent mid-infrared transmission performance (at least in the 9–11 µm window), low cost, and stable manufacturing capabilities and are the only glassy materials that can cover the transmission window in the 3–12 µm wavelength range with more stable chemical properties, mature production processes, and lower costs than crystalline materials^[21,22]. In addition, ChGs have the advantages of adjustable components and precision moulding, and the optical refractive index can be adjusted in the range of 2–4 by component control. In 2009, Kohoutek et al.^[23] prepared a near-infrared one-dimensional photonic crystal omnidirectional reflector based on ChGs with 98.8% normal incidence stopband of the reflector at 1.55 µm.

In this paper, we reported a flexible omnidirectional reflective film based on a periodic photonic structure. The parameters of the laser wavelength, incident angle, transverse electrical (TE) or magnetic (TM) mode, and film period thickness and number were changed to simulate the theoretical prediction of the best device structure. The reflector was fabricated by alternating thermal evaporation of two ChGs (${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$) with large refractive index contrast and excellent thermal stability^[24]. The optical properties of the resulting reflector were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to demonstrate the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experiments. The results show that our reflector can achieve full-angle (0°–90°) ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser protection for the targets in locomotion.

The structure of one-dimensional photonic crystal reflective film is depicted in Fig. 1(a), where $d_s$, $d_h$, and $d_l$ are the layer thicknesses, and $n_s$, $n_h$, and $n_l$ are the refractive indices of the polymer layer, high-refractive-index layer, and low-refractive-index layer, respectively.

In theoretical simulations, for the purpose of omnidirectional laser reflection, two materials with large refractive index difference are required to achieve photonic band gap in the ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser operating band. In addition, both materials are required to have a long infrared cut-off wavelength (at least 12 µm). Therefore, two ChGs, ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ ($n=3.068$ at 10 µm)^[25] and ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$ ($n=2.37$ at 10 µm)^[26], are chosen as the high-refractive-index and low-refractive-index materials, respectively, which are stable glasses with excellent thermal stability, glass forming ability, and large adjustable refractive index range. The thicknesses are taken according to the quarter wave stack condition, $d_h={\lambda }_0/4n_h$ and $d_l={\lambda }_0/4n_l$. Taking the ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser wavelength as the central wavelength (${\lambda }_0=10.6\mathrm{\mu m}$), the film thicknesses can be determined as $d_h=0.8638\mathrm{\mu m}$ and $d_l=1.1181\mathrm{\mu m}$, respectively. The 45 µm polyphenylene sulfone resins (PPSU) polymer film is derived as a substrate to provide flexibility to the omnidirectional reflector. Considering that the ChGs are fragile and easy to be oxidized, a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer film layer is added on the surface as a protective layer. According to the designed structure, the band diagram of the photonic crystal was obtained using a standard transfer matrix method, as shown in Fig. 1(b), which allows for the analysis of propagating and evanescent modes in the structure, corresponding to a real or imaginary Bloch wave number solution^[27,28]. The omnidirectional band of this structure spans from 10 µm to 10.7 µm defined by the band edges ${\omega }_l$ and ${\omega }_h$.

The reflection properties of one-dimensional photonic crystal structures under different structural parameters were investigated using COMSOL 6.0 based on the transmission matrix method. As shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), under the condition of normal incidence, no matter whether the PMMA coating is added or not, with the increase of the number of cycles ($N_c$), the reflectance at the center wavelength gradually increases (ultimately more than 95%), and the bandgap width gradually decreases. When the $N_c$ reaches eight, the reflectivity and bandgap width do not change significantly with further increase of $N_c$. The early study results show that polymer film coated with 30 µm glass material is still bendable and robust, which means that when a 5 µm PMMA coating is added to the surface layer the photonic bandgap width decreases significantly for low $N_c$ structures, but, when the $N_c$ increases above eight, the effect is negligible.

The reflectances of TE and TM polarizations with PMMA coating at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 70°, and 80° angles are represented in Figs. 2(c) and 2(d). It can be found that the effective optical thickness of the photonic crystal structure film gradually decreases when the incident angle increases, causing the energy bands of TE and TM polarized waves to shift toward high frequencies. For the TE mode, both the forbidden band width and the central wavelength reflectance increase with the incident angle, while the opposite is true for the TM mode. However, the reflectivity can still reach above 87% in the 9.8–10.6 µm band.

In this experiment, high-purity ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ were prepared by the melt-quenching method^[29,30]. The one-dimensional photonic crystal structure was prepared by the vacuum thermal evaporation technique. The evaporation rates and film thicknesses were measured by a quartz crystal monitor. The ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$ film (evaporating temperature $\sim 370°\mathrm{C}$, residual pressure $\sim 8\times {10}^{-4}\mathrm{Pa}$, deposition rate $\sim 4–6\AA /\mathrm{s}$) as the low-refractive-index component and the ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ film (evaporating temperature $\sim 460°\mathrm{C}$, residual pressure $\sim 1\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{Pa}$, deposition rate $\sim 4–6\AA /\mathrm{s}$) as high-refractive-index components were alternately deposited on cleaned PPSU polymer films with a thickness of 45 µm to obtain a one-dimensional photonic crystal reflective film. Surface polymer PMMA film was prepared using a spin-coating method from the solution of N,N-dimethylformamide. Polymer film was coated by spinning for 30 s at a spin speed of 2000 r/min and heated in the vacuum furnace at 60°C and 5 Pa.

The principle of vacuum thermal evaporation and spin coating is shown in Fig. 3(a), and the obtained flexible one-dimensional photonic crystal reflective film is shown in Fig. 3(b). The reflective film exhibits high flexibility compared to other reflectors with rigid substrates and can be bent at will with a bending radius of less than 2.5 mm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to capture the cross-sectional images of the omnidirectional reflective film to show the periodicity and interface quality of the reflector obtained by vacuum thermal evaporation. The mirrors were polished before the images were recorded. The normal incidence reflectivity spectra of the prepared flexible reflector were recorded in the range of 7–14 µm using the FTIR, and the reflectivity spectra of the flexible reflector under the incident angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° were measured by using a self-built test platform based on FTIR.

The SEM cross-section image of the prepared four-period omnidirectional reflectivity film, Fig. 3(c), shows the film sequence. The bottom layer is the PPSU substrate, on the top of which is the ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$ glass with alternating structures. As shown in the figure, the upper three periodic structures have uniform periodic thicknesses with an average thickness of 1.93 µm, which is consistent with the expected results. The lowermost layer has a relatively higher cycle thickness, mainly due to the stress effect between the glass and the polymer.

Figure 4(a) illustrates the normal incidence reflection spectra of the prepared flexible reflective films with different periods and added polymer layers in the range of 7–14 µm, which is in complete agreement with the simulation results. With the increase of $N_c$, the reflectivity of the photonic bandgap structure gradually increases, and the photonic bandgap gradually increases. Meanwhile, there is a certain deviation between the periodic thickness of the prepared film and the thickness ratio of the high- and low-refractive-index glass compared with the simulation results, which causes the central wavelength of the photonic bandgap to move to the high-frequency direction, which is consistent with the simulation results. The fabricated four-period flexible reflector was studied by the FTIR; it indicated that the central wavelength was 10.2 µm, and the reflectivity was greater than 78% at 10.6 µm, which is close to the expected result.

The reflection spectra of the four-period reflective film at different incident angles, namely 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60°, were measured by FTIR, and the results are shown in Fig. 4(b). We observed very good agreement between the calculated and measured reflectance spectra. With the increase of the incident angle, the central wavelength gradually decreases, the maximum reflectivity at the central wavelength also decreases, and the bandgap width decreases, mainly because the effective optical thickness of the film layer of the photonic crystal structure gradually decreases. The reasons for the deviation in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) include the intrinsic impurity absorption of ChGs materials and the absorption of external impurities introduced during the glass processing (e.g., glass grinding).

Figure 4(c) shows the reflection spectra of the one-dimensional photonic crystal reflective films with different period thicknesses, both of which are four periods, and the central wavelengths are 10.1 µm ($d_h=0.85\mathrm{\mu m}$ and $d_l=1.09\mathrm{\mu m}$) and 8.5 µm ($d_h=0.71\mathrm{\mu m}$ and $d_l=0.91\mathrm{\mu m}$), respectively. The shift of the central wavelength according to period thickness is attributed to the photonic bandgap shifting. By changing the period thickness, the photonic bandgap can be shifted in the wavelength of 1–12 µm.

In conclusion, we designed, fabricated, and characterized a flexible omnidirectional reflective film for full-angle ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ laser protection of exposed operators and locomotive optical components. The reflector, composed of four periods of ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{20}{\mathrm{As}}_{20}{\mathrm{Se}}_{18}{\mathrm{Te}}_{42}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{40}{\mathrm{S}}_{60}$ alternating layers, exhibits 78% reflectance at 10.6 µm, which was consistent with the theoretical simulation. With the increasing number of alternating periods, the highest reflectivity will reach more than 95%. In addition, based on the high transparency of ChGs in the infrared window, the band gap of the multi-layer film can be adjusted in the range of 1–12 µm by changing the period thickness. Flexible omnidirectional dielectric mirror fibers also can be designed as woven fabrics for radiation barriers.