Fig. 1. Graph states after local measurements and the corresponding unitary operations: (a) σ_z measurement on any particle in the graph state; (b) two neighboring σ_x measurements on the graph state; (c) σ_x measurements on 5a, 5b, measurement M on 5c_i and σ_z measurements on 5c_k(k ≠ i); (d) measurement M on single-qubit 5. 对图态进行局域泡利测量并进行相应的幺正变换后得到新图态　(a)对图态中的任何一个粒子进行σ_z测量; (b)对图态上相邻的两个粒子分别进行σ_x测量; (c)对粒子5a, 5b进行σ_x测量, 对n个粒子5c中的任意一个粒子5c_i进行M测量, 其余的n – 1个粒子进行σ_z测量; (d)对粒子5做一个单比特测量M

Fig. 2. Collaborative computation based on redundant graph state: (a) A graph state for bipartite collaborative quantum computation; (b) an I-shape redundant graph state; (c) the graph state after σ_z measurements on b₁, b₂, b₃, a₄, a₅, a₆ in graph state depicted in (b); (d) the graph state after σ_z measurements on a₁, a₂, a₃, b₄, b₅, b₆ in graph state depicted in (b); (e) a graph state for collaborative quantum computation. 基于冗余图态的多人协作量子计算　(a) 用于两人协作量子计算的图态; (b) “工”字形冗余图态; (c) 对(b)图所示图态中的b₁, b₂, b₃, a₄, a₅, a₆进行σ_z测量后剩下的图态; (d) 对(b)图所示图态中的a₁, a₂, a₃, b₄, b₅, b₆进行σ_z测量后剩下的图态; (e)用于多人协作量子计算的图态

Fig. 3. Redundant graph state: (a) An arbitrary redundant graph state; (b) the traditional graph state corresponding to (a); (c) six-partite redundant graph state.冗余图态　(a)任意的冗余图态; (b)与图(a)相对应的传统图态; (c)六粒子冗余图态

Fig. 4. Physical realization of preparing arbitrary quantum state cooperated by two participants in optics.两用户协作制备任意单比特量子态的光学实验装置