• Acta Photonica Sinica
  • Vol. 50, Issue 12, 1201001 (2021)
Qingsheng XUE1、*, Haoxuan BAI1, Hui LI1, Yajun WANG2, and Dongxue ZHANG3
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Department of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao , Shandong 266100, China
  • 2Xi′an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi′an710119, China
  • 3Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 400056, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20215012.1201001 Cite this Article
    Qingsheng XUE, Haoxuan BAI, Hui LI, Yajun WANG, Dongxue ZHANG. Development of Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Detecting Technology (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2021, 50(12): 1201001 Copy Citation Text show less
    Principe of line scanning hyperspectral imaging technology[6]
    Fig. 1. Principe of line scanning hyperspectral imaging technology6
    Different data acquiring methods of hyperspectral imaging[21]
    Fig. 2. Different data acquiring methods of hyperspectral imaging21
    Sketch map of the detecting progress with a push-broom underwater hyperspectral imaging detecting system[31]
    Fig. 3. Sketch map of the detecting progress with a push-broom underwater hyperspectral imaging detecting system31
    The intensity of downwelling irradiance(300 nm~2 500 nm) at different depth in the ocean[32]
    Fig. 4. The intensity of downwelling irradiance(300 nm~2 500 nm) at different depth in the ocean32
    Two kinds of market oriented underwater hyperspectral imager products
    Fig. 5. Two kinds of market oriented underwater hyperspectral imager products
    Common types of sensors used in underwater hyperspectral detecting system
    Fig. 6. Common types of sensors used in underwater hyperspectral detecting system
    Relationships between different software in underwater hyperspectral detecting system
    Fig. 7. Relationships between different software in underwater hyperspectral detecting system
    Part functions of the underwater hyperspectral detecting software
    Fig. 8. Part functions of the underwater hyperspectral detecting software
    ENVI remoting data process software
    Fig. 9. ENVI remoting data process software
    The working underwater hyperspectral imaging systems of NTU[40]
    Fig. 10. The working underwater hyperspectral imaging systems of NTU40
    The hyperspectral image shot by underwater hyperspectral detecting system at 2012 and its classification result[40]
    Fig. 11. The hyperspectral image shot by underwater hyperspectral detecting system at 2012 and its classification result40
    The hyperspectral image shotted by NTNU underwater hyperspectral detecting system using UHI-2 imager at 2016[40]
    Fig. 12. The hyperspectral image shotted by NTNU underwater hyperspectral detecting system using UHI-2 imager at 201640
    False color image of underwater manganese nodules shotted by NTU underwater hyperspectral detecting system & classification result of the hyperspectral image[13]
    Fig. 13. False color image of underwater manganese nodules shotted by NTU underwater hyperspectral detecting system & classification result of the hyperspectral image13
    The underwater hyperspectral detecting system using a stationary platform developed by NTU[14]
    Fig. 14. The underwater hyperspectral detecting system using a stationary platform developed by NTU14
    The false color image gotten by the underwater hyperspectral imaging system using stationary platform & classification result of the hyperspectral data[14]
    Fig. 15. The false color image gotten by the underwater hyperspectral imaging system using stationary platform & classification result of the hyperspectral data14
    The shallow water hyperspectral detecting system developed by NTNU[36]
    Fig. 16. The shallow water hyperspectral detecting system developed by NTNU36
    The hyperspectral image shotted by the system mentioned above in shallow water and its classification result[36]
    Fig. 17. The hyperspectral image shotted by the system mentioned above in shallow water and its classification result36
    Other applications developed by NTU & Ecotone AS[11-12,15]
    Fig. 18. Other applications developed by NTU & Ecotone AS11-1215
    The hyperspectral detecting system developed by the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology[35]
    Fig. 19. The hyperspectral detecting system developed by the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology35
    The false color image of underwater sediments & Chlorophyll concentration distribution gotten by inverting the hyperspectral data[35]
    Fig. 20. The false color image of underwater sediments & Chlorophyll concentration distribution gotten by inverting the hyperspectral data35
    The ‘HyperDiver’ underwater imaging detecting system developed by the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology[17]
    Fig. 21. The ‘HyperDiver’ underwater imaging detecting system developed by the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology17
    The hyperspectral data gotten by using the HyperDiver detecting system[17]
    Fig. 22. The hyperspectral data gotten by using the HyperDiver detecting system17
    The hyperspectral data gotten by Institute of Marine Sciences of Italy[19]
    Fig. 23. The hyperspectral data gotten by Institute of Marine Sciences of Italy19
    The underwater hyperspectral imaging system based on filter wheel developed by Zhejiang University[24]
    Fig. 24. The underwater hyperspectral imaging system based on filter wheel developed by Zhejiang University24
    The hyperspectral data gotten by using the filter wheel underwater hyperspectral imager mentioned above[24]
    Fig. 25. The hyperspectral data gotten by using the filter wheel underwater hyperspectral imager mentioned above24
    The spectral data of underwater microplastic and its classification result by using SVM algorithm[53]
    Fig. 26. The spectral data of underwater microplastic and its classification result by using SVM algorithm53
    The image taken at air、underwater and the corrected underwater image[53]
    Fig. 27. The image taken at air、underwater and the corrected underwater image53
    The underwater hyperspectral imaging system based on P-G-P dispersion structure developed by Zhejiang University[51]
    Fig. 28. The underwater hyperspectral imaging system based on P-G-P dispersion structure developed by Zhejiang University51
    The classification result of different algae's hyperspectral data by using PCA methods[51]
    Fig. 29. The classification result of different algae's hyperspectral data by using PCA methods51
    The design result and real system of underwater hyperspectral imaging system developed by Ocean University of China[38]
    Fig. 30. The design result and real system of underwater hyperspectral imaging system developed by Ocean University of China38
    Hyperspectral image at different wavelengths and its spectral curve gotten by Ocean University of China[38]
    Fig. 31. Hyperspectral image at different wavelengths and its spectral curve gotten by Ocean University of China38
    Sketch map of the effect on hyperspectral image by shaking the system in different directions
    Fig. 32. Sketch map of the effect on hyperspectral image by shaking the system in different directions
    MethodImaging efficiencySpatial resolutionSpectral resolutionAnti-shake performanceRange of application
    Point scanningLowLowHighPoorUnsuitable for underwater application
    Line scanningRelatively highHighHighRelatively poorLarge-or small-scale underwater detection work
    StaringRelatively highHighRelatively lowRelatively good

    Small scale underwater detection work on a fixed

    point

    SnapshotHigh

    The spatial resolution or

    spectral resolution need to

    be improved through

    computing methods

    Good

    Large-or small-scale underwater detection work

    (Have not been applied to underwater detection

    work)

    Table 1. Various properties comparison of different hyperspectral imaging methods
    Development agencyPlatform typeDetection depth/mScanning rangeSensors typeVolume/weight

    NTNU &

    Ecotone AS

    Tripod5260°---Small
    NTNU

    Stationary platform

    with scanning structure

    (HyBIS RUV)

    3 530~

    3 660

    2.3 m×1 m

    Ultrashort baseline

    underwater acoustic

    positioning system

    Relatively large

    Max Planck

    Institute for

    Marine

    Microbiology

    Stationary platform

    with scanning structure

    ≤75 m1 m×1 m---Relatively large

    Ocean

    University of

    China

    Mechanical turntable---Depended on the motion range of the platform---Small

    Zhejiang

    University

    Mechanical turntable---Depended on the motion range of the platform---Small
    NTNUROV(KIEL6 000)4 200 mDepended on the motion range of the platform

    Ultrashort baseline underwater

    acoustic positioning system,

    DP system

    3.5 m×2.4 m×1.9 m/3 500 kg
    NTNU

    Unmanned surface

    vehicle (OTTER USV)

    1 mDepended on the motion range of the platformGPS, DP system200 cm×108 cm×81.5 cm/55 kg
    NTNU

    AUV(Kongsberg

    Maritime Hugin 3 000)

    2 350 mDepended on the motion range of the platform---5.5 m×1.0 m(diameter)/1 400 kg

    Max Planck

    Institute for

    Marine

    Microbiology

    Diver operation≤50 mDepended on the motion range of the platform

    Photosynthetically active

    radiation sensor,Navigation

    information sensor,Chemical

    information measurement sensor

    (PH, Dissolved oxygen)

    --/32 kg(air)
    Table 2. Several kinds of platform used in underwater hyperspectral imaging detection
    Dispersive elementSpectral resolutionLight efficiencyDispersion linearityCostDifficulty of CalibrationVolume and weight
    GratingHighRelatively lowLinearRelatively lowSimpleSmall
    PrismRelatively lowHighNonlinearLowComplexRelatively small
    Filter wheelRelatively lowLow---HighSimpleLarge
    Table 3. Comparison of different dispersive elements
    Development agencyName of the systemMethodSpectral range/nmSpectral resolution/nmSpatial resolution/pixels
    Ecotone ASUHI-OVLine scanning380~8000.5~41 600~200
    ResononPika IILine scanning400~9002.1640
    Zhejiang University---

    Line scanning

    (Prism-Grating-Prism structure)

    387~8213.51 216
    Ocean University of China---

    Line scanning

    (Prism-Grating-Prism structure)

    400~80032048
    Zhejiang University---Staring (Filter Wheel)400~700101 392×1 040
    Zhejiang University---Staring (Tunable liquid crystal filter)400~700101 392×1 040
    Cubert GmbhU185Snapshot450~9508@5321 000×1 000
    Zhejiang University---Tunable light source400~700/8 bands12.0~42.1---
    Table 4. Several kinds of hyperspectral imaging system used in research or commercialized
    SpecificationValue
    Detector typeCCD
    Detection depth≤1 000 m
    Light sourceTwo halogen lamps
    Power/W4.8
    Digitalizing/bit12
    Spectral range/nm380~800
    Spectral resolution/nm0.5~4
    Spatial resolution/pixels1 600×2 000
    Size/cm36×11(diameter)
    Weight/kg4/0(air/water)
    Table 5. Parameters and values of the UHI-1 system
    SpecificationValue
    Detector typeCMOS
    Detection depth/m1 000/2 000/6 000
    Light sourceLED/LED、HID
    Power/W60
    Digitalizing/bit16
    Spectral range/nm380~800
    Spectral resolution/nm0.5~4
    Spatial resolution/pixels1 600×2 000
    Size/cm50×15.8(diameter)
    Weight/kg15/5(air/water)
    Table 6. Parameters and values of the UHI-2 system
    SpecificationValue
    Number of pixels1 392×1 040
    Pixel size/μm6.45
    Detection depth/m≤50
    Power/W5
    Frame/fps15
    Spectral range/nm400~700
    Spectral resolution/nm10
    Field of view/(°)10@f=50 mm
    Time of channel changing/ms100
    Weight/kg23.2@Air
    Table 7. Parameters and values of the spectral imager developed by Zhejiang University
    SpecificationValue
    Number of pixels2 048×2 048
    Pixel size/μm4.8
    F#2.4
    Focal length/m22
    Power/W20
    Spectral range/nm400~800
    Spectral resolution/nm5
    Field of view/(°)11
    Frame rate/fps≤30
    Weight/kg10/1.2@air/water
    Size/m0.4×0.15(diameter)
    Table 8. Parameters and values of the hyperspectral imaging system developed by Ocean University of China
    Qingsheng XUE, Haoxuan BAI, Hui LI, Yajun WANG, Dongxue ZHANG. Development of Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Detecting Technology (Invited)[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2021, 50(12): 1201001
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