Fig. 1. Preparation of wrinkle structures on layered materials by fast-cooling treatment in liquid nitrogen^[13]: (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of layered material wrinkles. First, the layered material is cleaved onto the flexible PDMS substrate, then rapidly immersed the substrate in liquid nitrogen; (b) optical images of one thin-layer graphene flake cleaved onto PDMS film; (c) a large number of wrinkle network structures formed on the surface of graphene after liquid nitrogen treatment; (d) optical image of multilayer WSe₂ wrinkles; (e) photoluminance mapping image of the multilayer WSe₂ flake with wrinkles (at ~1.6 eV). The scale bars are 50 μm for (b) and (c), and 5 μm for (d) and (e). 液氮法快速制备层状材料褶皱结构^[13] 　(a)层状材料褶皱的制备过程示意图, 首先将层状材料解理到柔性PDMS基底上, 然后将其快速浸没到液氮中; (b)解理到PDMS上的薄层石墨烯样品光学照片; (c)液氮处理后石墨烯表面形成大量的褶皱网状结构; (d)多层WSe₂褶皱的光学照片; (e) WSe₂褶皱处的荧光成像(1.6 eV附近), (b)和(c)图的比例尺为50 μm, (d)和(e)的比例尺为5 μm

Fig. 2. The structure of the Earth and wrinkles in materials: (a) The structure of the Earth can be divided into core, mantle and crust from the inside out; (b) the satellite map near the Nyainqentanglha Mountain, where the uplifted mountains are intertwined to form a wrinkle network structure; (c) wrinkle structures at the cross section of one mountain; (d) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image at the cross section of one graphene wrinkle^[13]; (e) high-resolution images of the wrinkle corner; (f) the lattice spacing at the selected areas marked by yellow and red box in (e), the interlayer distance increased from 0.33 nm at the flat region, to 0.41 nm at the strained region. 地球的结构与材料中的褶皱　(a)地球的结构由内而外可以分为地核、地幔和地壳; (b)念青唐古拉山附近的卫星地图、隆起的山体交错在一起, 形成褶皱的网状结构; (c)山体断面处的褶皱; (d)石墨烯褶皱截面处的TEM照片^[13]; (e)高倍下的TEM照片; (f)图(e)中黄色和红色框中的石墨烯层间距, 可以看出形变区域相比于平整区域层间距从0.33 nm增加到0.41 nm

Fig. 3. (a) Global seismic distribution map; (b) global volcanic map. It can be seen that volcanic distribution and seismic distribution are consistent except for mainland China; (c) and (d) are the ground and satellites pictures of Japan's Mount Fuji , it can be seen that Mount Fuji is just at the intersection of three plates (d); (e) atomic force microscopy image of the graphene wrinkle, which is similar to the volcano shown in (c) and (d).(a)全球地震分布图; (b)全球火山分布图, 可以看出除中国大陆以外, 火山分布和地震分布是吻合的; (c)和(d)日本的富士山地面图片和卫星图片, 从图(d)中可以看出富士山恰好处于三个板块的交汇处; (e)石墨烯褶皱的原子力显微镜照片, 可以看出褶皱的交汇点与地面上火山(c), (d)有相似之处

Fig. 4. Due to the angular velocity difference between the northern and southern hemispheres, the terrain distortion will occur in the vicinity of the equator: (a) The Indonesian region; (b) the border between North and South America; (c) the central Atlantic Ocean. The red dotted line indicates the overall topographic trend of the region, the black dotted line is the equator.由于南北半球角速度之间存在差别, 赤道附近地区会出现地形的扭曲　(a)印度尼西亚地区; (b)南北美洲交界处; (c)大西洋中部. 红色虚线表示的是该地区总体的地形走势, 黑色虚线表示赤道

Fig. 5. China's topographic trend and seismic zone. In view of China's special topographical structure, the orientation of the main mountains can be marked with the dashed lines, and the distribution map of China's seismic belt is marked with the pink color.中国的地势走势及地震带 针对中国特殊的地形结构, 可以将中国的大型山脉走势用虚线进行表示, 粉色部分是中国主要的地震带分布

Fig. 6. The simulation results of water flow rate in different channel structures: (a) The side view of one wrinkled channel; (b)−(f) the flow rate mapping images selected at cross section of channels with different top angle.水在不同结构的管道中流速模拟结果　(a)弯折管道模型的侧视图; (b)−(f)不同顶角的管道横截面流速分布图

Fig. 7. The wrinkles in layered material and the volcanoes on the Earth: (a) An erupting volcano; (b) an optical image of graphene wrinkles after 10 hours hydrogen plasma treatment^[13]; (c) Raman spectra of graphene measured at different locations (A, B, C) in Fig. 7(b). The Raman spectroscopy results show that the graphene is completely etched away at the intersection of the wrinkles, and partially etched away on the single wrinkles, with the smallest change in the plane region, and the G and 2D peaks (1580 and 2720 cm^–1) measured at flat area are relatively strong. 层状材料中的褶皱与地球上的火山　(a)一座正在喷发的火山; (b)石墨烯褶皱在氢气等离子体中处理10 h后的形貌图片^[13]; (c) 图7(b)中不同位置(A, B, C三个区域)测得的拉曼光谱, 结果表明在褶皱交汇处石墨烯被完全刻蚀掉, 而在褶皱上被部分刻蚀掉, 在平整区域变化最小, 位于1580和2720 cm^–1的G峰和2D峰在平整区域相对较强

Fig. 8. The matter flow on the west side after the formation of the Tarim Basin, which flow through countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq.塔里木盆地形成后西侧的物质流, 途经巴基斯坦、阿富汗、伊朗和伊拉克等国家

Fig. 9. The evolution process of China's topography based on matter flow hypothesis: (a) After the collision of the Asia-Europe plate and the Indian plate, the Himalayas are formed, causing the matter flow in China to move from west to east, as indicated by the yellow dotted line; the red dotted line represents the Tarim Basin; (b) the matter flow is diverted to the southeast by the Ordos Basin, forming a special terrain on the southeast coast of China; (c) after the formation of the two lake basins, the Xiangzhong Basin and the Nanchang Basin, the matter flow is further diverted to form multiple mountain ranges; (d) the formation of the Sichuan Basin caused the matter flow along southeast into two main branches, one of which flows southward to form the Hengduan Mountains, and the other part flows northeastward under the influence of the Nanyang Basin and the South North-China Basin, forming the Taihang Mountains and the Daxinganling Mountains; (e) affected by the Sichuan Basin, the southward matter flow continues to flow southward, which influences the topography of Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia; (f) a schematic diagram of the main current matter flows around China's mainland.根据物质流假说提出的中国地形地貌的演变过程　(a)亚欧板块和印度板块撞击后形成了喜马拉雅山脉, 使得中国境内的物质流自西向东移动, 如红色虚线所示, 蓝色虚线代表塔里木盆地; (b)物质流被鄂尔多斯盆地改道朝东南方向流动, 形成了中国东南沿海的特殊地形; (c)两湖盆地, 湘中盆地和南昌盆地形成后, 物质流被进一步改道, 形成多个山脉; (d)四川盆地的形成使得朝东南方向的物质流产生了两个主要分支, 一部分向南流动形成横断山脉, 另一部分在南阳盆地和南华北盆地的影响下朝东北方向流动, 形成了太行山脉和大兴安岭; (e)受四川盆地的影响, 朝南的物质流继续向南流动, 对缅甸、老挝、泰国、越南和马来西亚的地形地貌产生了重要影响; (f)中国目前大陆周边的主要物质流走向示意图