Fig. 1. Effects of structure parameters of PCF on effective refractive index of cladding. (a) Relationship among effective refractive index of cladding and parameters of air holes; (b) cross section of PCF
Fig. 2. Confinement loss, overlap factor, and mode field area of 40-μm-core PCF (d=2 μm, Λ=13 μm) versus refractive index of core. (a) Confinement loss; (b) overlap factor and mode field area
Fig. 3. Effects of stress area on polarization performance. (a) Structure of boron-doped glass rod unit; (b) confinement loss and birefringence of PCF versus boron-doped glass rod size
Fig. 4. Fabrication process flow of Yb-doped silica glass rod and PCF based on sol-gel method combined with high temperature sintering technique
[32] Fig. 5. Performance of Yb-doped silica glass rod
[33]. (a) Picture of glass rod; (b) profile of refractive index
Fig. 6. Effect of thermal history on refractive index
[34]. (a) Refractive indexes of core glass YbAPF0.85 and cladding glass F300 with different thermal histories at 1064 nm; (b) numerical aperture
Fig. 7. Effect of thermal history on output beam quality
[34]. (a) Laser beam profile of pristine YbAPF PCF; (b) laser beam profile of annealed YbAPF PCF
Fig. 8. Cross sections of four kinds of Yb3+-doped LMA PCFs fabricated in SIOM. (a) Cross section of 50-μm-core PCF; (b) cross section of 75-μm-core PCF; (c) cross section of 40-μm-core PCF; (d) cross section of 100-μm-core PCF
Fig. 9. Early developed PCF and laser performance
[44]. (a) Cross section of Yb-doped LMA PCF; (b) picture of fiber core; (c) amplified output laser intensity distribution in near field; (d) power amplification curve
Fig. 10. Test optical path of amplification performance of PCF
[41] Fig. 11. Amplification curve of Yb-doped LMA PCF with 50 μm core diameter and beam quality at different powers
[41] Fig. 12. Output laser spectra of Yb-doped LMA PCF with 50 μm core diameter at different repetition rates
[41] Fig. 13. Power stability of Yb-doped LMA PCF with 50 μm core diameter at 120 W output
[41] Fig. 14. Refractive index profile of core glass rod with high Yb doping concentration
Fig. 15. Output laser performance of Yb-doped LMA PCF with 75 μm core diameter
[42]. (a) Power amplification curve and beam quality; (b) output laser spectrum
Fig. 16. Beam profiles in near field under single mode laser excitation at different positions of ytterbium doped PM PCF with 40 μm core diameter
Fig. 17. Polarization output performance of Yb3+ doped PM PCF with 40 μm core diameter. (a) Transmission spectra in slow and fast axes with 30 cm bending diameter; (b) transmittance in slow axis with different bending diameters
Fig. 18. Laser performance of Yb3+ doped PM PCF with 40 μm core diameter. (a) Output power and change of beam profile with pump power; (b) power stability for 2 h at 100 W amplified output
Fig. 19. Output power and beam profile of Yb-doped PM PCF versus pump power with 100 μm core diameter
Fig. 20. Research progress of Yb-doped LMA PCF developed in SIOM
Time | Composition | Mole fraction of Yb2O3 /% | Fiber type | Core diameter /μm | Laser woke mode | Average power / W | Peak power | M2 | Reference |
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2012 | Yb/Al | 0.3 | PCF | 30 | CW | 6.8 | ‒ | ‒ | [19] | 2013 | Yb/Al | 0.1 | PCF | 90 | CW | 81 | ‒ | ‒ | [20] | 2013 | Yb/Al/P | 0.05 | PCF | 35 | CW | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | [36] | 2015 | Yb/Al/P | 0.035 | DCF PCF | 35 50 | CW | 3.2 46 | ‒ ‒ | 1.3 ‒ | [37] | 2016 | Yb/Al | 0.1 | PCF | 105 | MOPA | 255 | 1.2 MW | >10 | [38] | 2017 | Yb/Al | 0.1 | PCF | 100 | MOPA | 310 | 1.5 MW | 5 | [39] | 2017 | Yb/Al/P/F | 0.075 | PCF | 50 | MOPA | 97 | 93 kW | 1.4 | [40] | 2019 | Yb/Al/P/F | 0.09 | PCF | 50 | MOPA | 272 | 266 kW | 2.2 | [41] | 2019 | Yb/Al/P/F | 0.15 | PCF | 75 | MOPA | 102 | 1 MW | 2.1 | [42] | 2021 | Yb/Al/P/F | 0.15 | PM-PCF | 40 | MOPA | 103 | ‒ | 1.46 | [43] | 2023 | Yb/Al/P/F | 0.15 | PM-PCF | 100 | MOPA | ~50 | ‒ | ~1.3 | Proposed |
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Table 1. Basic parameters and laser amplification results of self-developed Yb-doped LMA PCF
Fiber specification | Value |
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Core diameter | ~40 μm | Cladding diameter | (200±10)μm | Absorption coefficient @915 nm | 3 dB/m‒3.5 dB/m | Absorption coefficient @976 nm | ~10 dB/m | Core NA @1030 nm | ~0.03 | Cladding NA @976 nm | ~0.46 | Mode field diameter @1030 nm | (29±2)μm | Birefringence @1080 nm | ≥10-4 |
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Table 2. Basic parameters of ytterbium doped PM PCF with 40 μm core diameter
Fiber specification | Value |
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Core diameter | ~100 μm | Cladding diameter | (285±10)μm | Absorption coefficient @915 nm | ~10 dB/m | Absorption coefficient @976 nm | ~30 dB/m | Core NA @976 nm | ~0.01 | Cladding NA @976 nm | >0.46 | Mode filed diameter @1050 nm | (75±5)μm |
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Table 3. Parameters of Yb-doped PM PCF with 100 μm core diameter