In this study, quartz dusts and Pb(Ⅱ), the high siliceous mineral fine particles and main heavy metal pollutants in atmospheric particulate matter, were used as experimental materials to prepare Pb coated onto quartz dusts. Experiments were carried out to examine the oxidative stress response of Escherichia coli to PbCl2 and 16 g·L-1 Pb(Ⅱ) coated onto quartz dusts, and to explore the effect on E. coli surface groups and protein amide Ⅰ band secondary structure. The reduction of cells viability, glutathione depletion with a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels demonstrated that Pb(Ⅱ) and Pb coated onto quartz dusts induce oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity in E. coli. Moreover Pearson correlation analysis showed that there existed significant positive correlation (p<005) between bacteria toxicity and Pb(Ⅱ) exchange state content in the dusts. Exposures to Pb coated onto quartz dusts produced significant increases vs. both single quartz dusts and Pb(Ⅱ) in ROS/MDA (p<005). The influence of Pb(Ⅱ), Pb coated onto quartz dusts on E. coli surface groups focused on phosphate ester groups and surface polysaccharide molecules, amide Ⅰ band characteristic peak (1 600~1 700 cm-1) were fitted by the second derivative, deconvolution and line fitting technology, found that protein amide Ⅰ band beta sheets/alpha helices ratio decreased obviously after infected, the ratio decreased from 141 to 133, 127 and 122, respectively, after effects of Pb (Ⅱ) and Pb coated onto quartz dusts(Q-Pb-0/Q-Pb-3), suggesting that the structure of bacterial surface proteins were changed, which may affect the physiological activities of the bacteria. The results indicate that the oxidative damage effect may be an important toxicity mechanism of Pb(Ⅱ) coated onto quartz dusts, in addition, exposure to Pb(Ⅱ) coated onto quartz dusts can cause association oxidative stress on E. coli than either material alone.