Author Affiliations
1School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China2Hunan Engineering & Technology Research Center for Virtual Nuclear Reactor, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Lead-bismuth cooled reactor core
Fig. 2. Diagram lead-bismuth cooled reactor fuel assembly (a) Rod bundle type, (b) Annular type, (c) Honeycomb coal type
Fig. 3. Steady-state thermal-hydraulic parameters vary with the inner diameter of the annular fuel element
Fig. 4. Diagram of control body division (a) Rod bundle type, (b) Annular type, (c) Honeycomb coal type
Fig. 5. Verification results of computing module in STAC code for honeycomb coal fuel assembly
Fig. 6. keff of lead-bismuth cooled reactor vary with time
Fig. 7. Radial power distribution of fuel element in core hottest assembly (a) Rod bundle type, (b) Annular type, (c) Honeycomb coal type
Fig. 8. keff of three optimized cores vary with time
参数 Parameters | 棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| 热功率Thermal power / MW | 4 | 4 | 4 | | 活性区等效直径Active area equivalent diameter / cm | 84.16 | 84.16 | 84.16 | | 活性区高度Active area height / cm | 85 | 85 | 85 | | 燃料富集度Fuel enrichment / % | 24.63 | 24.63 | 24.63 | | 燃料组件数目Number of fuel assemblies | 31 | 31 | 31 | | 包壳厚度Cladding thickness / cm | 0.03 | 0.018 6 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 0.030 8 | | 气隙厚度Airgap thickness / cm | 0.015 | 0.009 0 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 0.014 3 | | 栅距Grid pitch / cm | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.62 | | 包壳外径Outer diameter of cladding / cm | 1.290 | 1.425 | 1.288 | | 栅径比Pitch to diameter ratio | 1.256 | 1.137 | 1.258 | | 组件盒厚度Component box thickness / cm | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | | 堆芯半径Core radius / cm | 143.943 | 143.943 | 143.943 |
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Table 1. Lead-bismuth cooled reactor core design parameters
| 参数Parameters | 计算值 Calculation values | 参考值Reference values | 相对误差 Relative errors |
|---|
| 冷却剂最大温度Maximum coolant temperature | 306.50 | 307.00 | -0.001 63 | | 包壳外表面最大温度Maximum outer surface temperature of fuel cladding | 352.19 | 351.70 | 0.001 393 | | 包壳内表面最大温度Maximum inner surface temperature of fuel cladding | 420.34 | 419.70 | 0.001 525 | | 燃料表面最大温度Maximum fuel surface temperature | 736.56 | 738.34 | -0.002 41 | | 燃料中心最大温度Maximum fuel center temperature | 2 329.56 | 2 313.77 | 0.006 824 |
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Table 2. Verification results of rod bundle type fuel assembly computing module in STAC code (℃)
| 参数Parameters | 计算值 Calculation values | 参考值 Reference values | 相对误差 Relative errors |
|---|
19×19 组件 Assembly | 外包壳外表面温度Outer surface temperature of outer fuel cladding | 526.77 | 527.586 | -0.001 55 | | 外包壳内表面温度Inner surface temperature of outer fuel cladding | 534.33 | 539.41 | -0.009 42 | | 燃料外表面温度Outer surface temperature of fuel | 584.59 | 616.345 | -0.051 52 | | 燃料最高温度Maximum fuel temperature | 692.40 | 707 | -0.020 65 | | 燃料内表面温度Inner surface temperature of fuel | 591.29 | 602.46 | -0.018 54 | | 内包壳内表面温度Inner surface temperature of inner fuel cladding | 535.66 | 533.49 | 0.004 068 | | 内包壳外表面温度Outer surface temperature of inner fuel cladding | 525.93 | 517.73 | 0.015 838 | 15×15 组件 Assembly | 外包壳外表面温度Outer surface temperature of outer fuel cladding | 538 | 531.53 | 0.012 172 408 | | 外包壳内表面温度Inner surface temperature of outer fuel cladding | 550 | 543.35 | 0.012 238 888 | | 燃料外表面温度Outer surface temperature of fuel | 620.1 | 635.96 | -0.024 938 675 | | 燃料最高温度Maximum fuel temperature | 787.58 | 786 | 0.002 010 178 | | 燃料内表面温度Inner surface temperature of fuel | 608.43 | 630 | -0.034 238 095 | | 内包壳内表面温度Inner surface temperature of inner fuel cladding | 545.57 | 547.29 | -0.003 142 758 | | 内包壳外表面温度Outer surface temperature of inner fuel cladding | 535.84 | 519.704 | 0.031 048 443 |
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Table 3. Verification results of annular type fuel assembly computing module in STAC code (℃)
能量区间 Energy range / MeV | 中子通量密度 Neutron flux density / n·cm-2·s-1 |
|---|
棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| <1×10-6 | 1.856 78×107 | 1.902 99×107 | 1.975 21×107 | | 1×10-6~1×10-1 | 4.414 23×109 | 4.318 05×109 | 4.193 92×109 | | >1×10-1 | 2.391 71×1013 | 2.389 78×1013 | 2.383 57×1013 |
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Table 4. Neutron energy spectrum of three cores
| 类别Category | 反应性系数 Reactivity coefficient /10-5 K-1 | 寿期初 Beginning of life | 寿期中 Middle of life | 寿期末 End of life |
|---|
| 棒束型Rod bundle type | αD | -0.172 5 | -0.189 7 | -0.202 7 | | αC | -0.607 7 | -0.617 4 | -0.654 7 | | αA | -0.222 5 | -0.225 3 | -0.226 5 | | αR | -0.106 4 | -0.111 2 | -0.111 5 | | 环形Annular type | αD | -0.167 5 | -0.185 8 | -0.195 1 | | αC | -0.523 7 | -0.566 4 | -0.462 0 | | αA | 0.225 3 | -0.228 9 | -0.224 6 | | αR | -0.111 1 | -0.116 4 | -0.106 8 | | 蜂窝煤型Honeycomb coal type | αD | -0.158 0 | -0.137 9 | -0.112 1 | | αC | -0.540 6 | -0.589 9 | -0.591 0 | | αA | -0.222 2 | -0.225 6 | -0.222 2 | | αR | -0.151 9 | -0.155 7 | -0.151 0 |
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Table 5. Reactivity coefficients of three cores
| 区域 Region | 棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| 燃料 Fuel / % | 96.98 | 96.87 | 97.04 | | 组件盒 Assembly box / % | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.41 | | 包壳 Cladding / % | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.05 | | 冷却剂 Coolant / % | 2.54 | 2.64 | 2.49 |
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Table 6. Distribution of energy deposition in different fuel assemblies
参数 Parameter | 棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| 提升压降Raise pressure drop / Pa | 85 163 | 85 213/85 139 | 85 631 | | 摩擦压降Friction pressure drop / Pa | 2 297.8 | 1 258.3/3 640 | 453.1 | | 燃料芯块最大温度Maximum temperature of fuel pellet / K | 718 | 662.0 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 651.5 | | 包壳最大温度Maximum temperature of cladding / K | 651.1 | 653.1/651.8 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 637.0 | | 冷却剂最大温度Maximum temperature of coolant / K | 623.7 | 646.1/652.9 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 631.5 |
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Table 7. Main thermal-hydraulic parameters of three cores
堆芯参数 Fusion core parameter | 棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| 热功率Thermal power / MW | 4 | 4 | 4 | | 活性区等效直径Active area equivalent diameter / cm | 69.51 | 68.44 | 65.07 | | 活性区高度Active area height / cm | 70.20 | 69.12 | 65.72 | | 活性区体积Active area volume / cm3 | 266 392 | 254 281 | 218 549 | | 燃料富集度Fuel enrichment / % | 24.63 | 24.63 | 24.63 | | 燃料组件数目Number of fuel assemblies | 31 | 31 | 31 | | 包壳厚度Cladding thickness / mm | 0.300 | 0.186 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 0.308 | | 气隙厚度Airgap thickness / mm | 0.150 | 0.090 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 0.143 | | 栅距Grid pitch / cm | 1.310 | 1.287 | 1.216 | | 包壳外径Outer diameter of cladding / cm | 1.236 | 1.233 | 0.685 | | 组件盒厚度Component box thickness / cm | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | | 冷却剂流通面积Coolant flow area / cm2 | 1 053.57 | 1 049.87 | 817.85 | | 燃料装载量Fuel loading / kg | 1 502.80 | 1 460.90 | 1 367.71 | | 包壳最大温度Maximum temperature of cladding / K | 809.9 | 809.6 | 810.1 |
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Table 8. The design parameters of three optimized cores
能量区间 Energy range / MeV | 中子通量密度Neutron flux density / n·cm-2·s-1 |
|---|
棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| <1×10-6 | 8.752 53×106 | 1.072 81×107 | 6.676 79×106 | | 1×10-6~1×10-1 | 3.189 88×1013 | 3.260 73×1013 | 3.558 31×1013 | | >1×10-1 | 9.250 69×1013 | 9.649 48×1013 | 1.089 07×1014 |
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Table 9. Neutron energy spectrum of three optimized cores
| 类别Category | 反应性系数 Reactivity coefficient / 10-5 K-1 | 寿期初 Beginning of life | 寿期中 Middle of life | 寿期末 End of life |
|---|
| 棒束型Rod bundle type | αD | -0.164 0 | -0.173 8 | -0.163 9 | | αC | -0.394 3 | -0.536 0 | -0.368 8 | | αA | -0.224 1 | -0.225 0 | -0.227 0 | | αR | -0.066 4 | -0.069 7 | -0.068 9 | | 环形Annular type | αD | -0.110 9 | -0.160 2 | -0.120 4 | | αC | -0.316 4 | -0.299 5 | -0.419 9 | | αA | -0.240 3 | -0.247 1 | -0.246 5 | | αR | -0.062 5 | -0.070 4 | -0.067 1 | | 蜂窝煤型Honeycomb coal type | αD | -0.090 7 | -0.144 1 | -0.141 8 | | αC | -0.291 8 | -0.217 0 | -0.261 8 | | αA | -0.249 9 | -0.248 6 | -0.253 1 | | αR | -0.052 1 | -0.052 6 | -0.049 3 |
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Table 10. Reactivity coefficients of three optimized cores
参数 Parameter | 棒束型 Rod bundle type | 环形 Annular type | 蜂窝煤型 Honeycomb coal type |
|---|
| 提升压降Raise pressure drop / Pa | 69 434 | 67 933 / 67 934 | 64 759 | | 摩擦压降Friction pressure drop / Pa | 7 605.7 | 2 989.9 / 5 567.5 | 807.0 | | 燃料芯块最大温度Maximum temperature of fuel pellet / ℃ | 577.5 | 545.8 | 562.3 | | 包壳最大温度Maximum temperature of cladding / ℃ | 536.9 | 536.5/536.6 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 537.1 | | 冷却剂最大温度Maximum temperature of coolant / ℃ | 536.7 | 536.4/536.3 (内/外 Inside/outside) | 534.2 |
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Table 11. Thermal-hydraulic parameters of three optimized cores
