As an advanced radiation therapy technique, proton therapy is valued for its precise dose distribution and minimized damage to surrounding normal tissues. Accurate dosimetry of proton beams is crucial to ensure treatment efficacy and safety of proton therapy. Fiber optic dosimeters have become a hotspot for proton therapy dosimetry research due to their unique advantages, such as high spatial resolution, real-time monitoring capability, water-equivalence, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, the technical principles, current application status, development challenges and future trends of fiber optic dosimeters in proton therapy dosimetry are reviewed to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive perspective to improve the accuracy and therapeutic efficacy of proton therapy. Firstly, the luminescence mechanisms of fiber optic dosimeters are outlined and their working principles are briefly described. Then, based on different luminescence mechanisms in clinical proton therapy, the utility of fiber optic dosimeters is discussed for high dose rate adaptability and accuracy. Meanwhile, the challenges and solutions are addressed to the current fiber optic dosimeter technology, such as applying burst quenching correction reduce the burst effect. Finally, the future development of fiber optic dosimeter technology is prospected, especially for its potential application in ultra-high dose rate treatments such as Flash therapy, and how existing limitations can be overcome through innovations in materials science and optoelectronic technology.