Alumina-silica aerogel is a three-dimensional nano-porous structure material with low density, high specific surface area, high porosity and low thermal conductivity. It is one of the ideal high-temperature insulation composite and has a broad prospect in aerospace, building thermal resistance, petrochemical and other applications. However, pure alumina-silica aerogel has low mechanical properties and its ability to suppress high temperature radiation heat transfer is weak, which limits its application in the field of thermal insulation. The fiber reinforced alumina-silica aerogel composites are an international hot issue because of their excellent mechanical and thermal insulation properties. In this paper, the preparation methods and research progress of the fiber reinforced alumina-silica aerogel thermal insulation composites were summarized, and further prospects were presented.