In order to improve the channel capacity of short code transmission in the visible light channel, a polarization-coded carrierless amplitude-phase (CAP) modulation transmission scheme for indoor visible light communication (VLC) is proposed. This solution introduces 5G-Polar code coding technology based on visible light CAP modulation, and uses a distributed cyclic redundancy check bit assisted serial cancellation list decoding algorithm. The simulation results show that low code rate and modulation order, repetitive patterns, and more candidate paths can improve system reliability. In addition, when the block error rate is 10-3, compared with the (2, 1, 7) convolutional code, the polar code can obtain a gain of about 6.3 dB.