[1] D B Strukov. Nature, 476, 403(2011).
[2] M Versace, B Chandler. IEEE Spectr, 47, 30(2010).
[3] A Mohammed, J P Zidan Strachan, W D Lu. Nat. Electron, 1, 22(2018).
[4] P A Merolla, J V Arthur, R Alvarez-Icaza, A S Cassidy, J Sawada, F Akopyan, B L Jackson, N Imam, C Guo, Y Nakamura, B Brezzo, I Vo, S K Esser, R Appuswamy, B Taba, A Amir, M D Flickner, W P Risk, R Manohar, D S Modha. Science, 345, 668(2014).
[5] D Silver, A Huang, C J Maddison, A Guez, L Sifre, G van den Driessche, J Schrittwieser, I Antonoglou, V Panneershelvam, M Lanctot, S Dieleman, D Grewe, J Nham, N Kalchbrenner, I Sutskever, T Lillicrap, M Leach, K Kavukcuoglu, T Graepel, D Hassabis. Nature, 529, 484(2016).
[6] C Li, Z Wang, M Rao, D Belkin, W Song, H Jiang, P Yan, Y Li, P Lin, M Hu, N Ge, J P Strachan, M Barnell, Q Wu, R S Williams, J J Yang, Q Xia. Nat. Mach. Intell, 1, 49(2019).
[7] Z Wang, S Joshi, S Savel’ev, W Song, R Midya, Y Li, M Rao, P Yan, S Asapu, Y Zhuo, H Jiang, P Lin, C Li, JH Yoon, NK Upadhyay, J Zhang, M Hu, J P Strachan, M Barnell, Q Wu, H Wu, R S Williams, Q Xia, J J Yang. Nat. Electron, 1, 137(2018).
[8] Q Xia, J J Yang. Nat. Mater, 18, 309(2019).
[9] D B Strukov, G S Snider, D R Stewart, R S Williams. Nature, 453, 80(2008).
[10] J J Yang, M D Pickett, X M Li, DAA Ohlberg, D R Stewart, R S Williams. Nat. Nanotechnol, 3, 429(2008).
[11] L O Chua. IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, 18, 507(1971).
[12] S Kim, C Du, P Sheridan, W Ma, S Choi, W D Lu. Nano Lett, 15, 2203(2015).
[13] R Yang, H M Huang, Q H Hong, X B Yin, Z H Tan, T Shi, Y X Zhou, X S Miao, X P Wang, S B Mi, C L Jia, X Guo. Adv. Funct. Mater, 28(2018).
[14] J Xiong, R Yang, J Shaibo, H M Huang, HK He, W Zhou, X Guo. Adv. Funct. Mater, 29(2019).
[15] T Prodromakis, C Toumazou, L Chua. Nat. Mater, 11, 478(2012).
[16] A Sawa. Mater. Today, 11, 28(2008).
[17] R Waser, M Aono. Nat. Mater, 6, 833(2007).
[18] R Waser, R Dittmann, G Staikov, K Szot. Adv. Mater, 21, 2632(2009).
[19] J Wang, F Zhuge. Adv. Mater. Technol, 4(2019).
[20] T Shi, R Yang, X Guo. Solid State Ionics, 296, 114(2016).
[21] F C Lv, R Yang, X Guo. Solid State Ionics, 303, 161(2017).
[22] W Chen, H J Barnaby, M N Kozicki. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 37, 580(2016).
[23] G Du, H X Li, Q N Mao, Z G Ji. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 49(2016).
[24] X N Zhao, H Y Xu, Z Q Wang, L Zhang, J G Ma, Y C Liu. Carbon, 91, 38(2015).
[25] T Liu, M Verma, Y H Kang, M Orlowski. Appl. Phys. Lett, 101(2012).
[26] M K Kim, J S Lee. ACS Nano, 12, 1680(2018).
[27] C B Pan, Y F Ji, N Xiao, F Hui, K C Tang, Y Z Guo, X M Xie, F M Puglisi, L Larcher, E Miranda, L L Jiang, Y Y Shi, I Valov, P C McIntyre, R Waser, M Lanza. Adv. Funct. Mater, 27(2017).
[28] C Cheng, Y Li, T Zhang, Y Fang, J Zhu, K Liu, L Xu, Y Cai, X Yan, Y Yang, R Huang. J. Appl. Phys, 124(2018).
[29] Z Wang, M Rao, R Midya, S Joshi, H Jiang, P Lin, W Song, S Asapu, Y Zhuo, C Li, H Wu, Q Xia, J J Yang. Adv. Funct. Mater, 28(2018).
[30] J Lee, W D Lu. Adv. Mater, 30(2018).
[31] S Choi, S H Tan, Z F Li, Y Kim, C Choi, P Y Chen, H Yeon, S M Yu, J Kim. Nat. Mater, 17, 335(2018).
[32] K Shibuya, R Dittmann, S B Mi, R Waser. Adv. Mater, 22, 411(2010).
[33] F Miao, W Yi, I Goldfarb, J J Yang, M X Zhang, M D Pickett, J P Strachan, G Medeiros-Ribeiro, R S Williams. ACS Nano, 6, 2312(2012).
[34] S H Bae, S Lee, H Koo, L Lin, B H Jo, C Park, Z L Wang. Adv. Mater, 25, 5098(2013).
[35] K Krishnan, T Tsuruoka, C Mannequin, M Aono. Adv. Mater, 28, 640(2016).
[36] J Li, Q Duan, T Zhang, M Yin, X Sun, Y Cai, L Li, Y Yang, R Huang. RSC Adv, 7(2017).
[37] D Li, B Wu, X Zhu, J Wang, B Ryu, W D Lu, W Lu, X Liang. ACS Nano, 12, 9240(2018).
[38] A E Pereda. Nat. Rev. Neurosci, 15, 250(2014).
[39] J G Nicholls, A R Martin, PA Fuchs, D A Brown, M E Diamond, D A Weisblat. From Neuron to Brain(2012).
[40] M D Pickett, G Medeiros-Ribeiro, R S Williams. Nat. Mater, 12, 114(2012).
[41] X Zhang, W Wang, Q Liu, X Zhao, J Wei, R Cao, Z Yao, X Zhu, F Zhang, H Lv, S Long, M Liu. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 39, 308(2018).
[42] T Tuma, A Pantazi, M Le Gallo, A Sebastian, E Eleftheriou. Nat. Nanotechnol, 11, 693(2016).
[43] B J Choi, ABK Chen, X Yang, I W Chen. Adv. Mater, 23, 3847(2011).
[44] F A Chudnovskii, L L Odynets, A L Pergament, G B Stefanovich. J. Solid State Chem, 122, 95(1996).
[45] B Torriss, J Margot, M Chaker. Sci. Rep, 7(2017).
[46] I Karpov, S Savransky, V Karpov. 22nd IEEE Non-Volatile Semiconductor Memory Workshop(2007).
[47] J Torrejon, M Riou, F A Araujo, S Tsunegi, G Khalsa, D Querlioz, P Bortolotti, V Cros, K Yakushiji, A Fukushima, H Kubota, S Y Uasa, M D Stiles, J Grollier. Nature, 547, 428(2017).
[48] K Terabe, T Hasegawa, T Nakayama, M Aono. Nature, 433, 47(2005).
[49] M Aono, T Hasegawa. Proc. IEEE, 98, 2228(2010).
[50] T Hasegawa, T Ohno, K Terabe, T Tsuruoka, T Nakayama, J K Gimzewski, M Aono. Adv. Mater, 22, 1831(2010).
[51] I Valov, R Waser, J R Jameson, M N Kozicki. Nanotechnology, 22(2011).
[52] Y Yang, P Gao, L Li, X Pan, S Tappertzhofen, S Choi, R Waser, I Valov, W D Lu. Nat. Commun, 5, 4232(2014).
[53] I Valov, W D Lu. Nanoscale, 8(2016).
[54] M N Kozicki, M Park, M Mitkova. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol, 4, 331(2005).
[55] U Russo, D Kamalanathan, D Ielmini, A L Lacaita, M N Kozicki. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 56, 1040(2009).
[56] C P Hsiung, H W Liao, J Y Gan, T B Wu, J C Hwang, F Chen, M J Tsai. ACS Nano, 4, 5414(2010).
[57] I Valov. Chemelectrochem, 1, 26(2014).
[58] Q Liu, J Sun, H B Lv, S B Long, K B Yin, N Wan, Y T Li, L T Sun, M Liu. Adv. Mater, 24, 1844(2012).
[59] Y Sun, C Song, J Yin, X Chen, Q Wan, F Zeng, F Pan. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter, 9(2017).
[60] SJ Choi, G S Park, K H Kim, S Cho, W Y Yang, X S Li, J H Moon, K J Lee, K Kim. Adv. Mater, 23, 3272(2011).
[61] Y Yang, P Gao, S Gaba, T Chang, X Pan, W Lu. Nat. Commun, 3, 732(2012).
[62] S La Barbera, D Vuillaume, F Alibart. ACS Nano, 9, 941(2015).
[63] X Zhao, J Ma, X Xiao, Q Liu, L Shao, D Chen, S Liu, J Niu, X Zhang, Y Wang, R Cao, W Wang, Z Di, H Lv, S Long, M Liu. Adv. Mater, 30(2018).
[64] H Sun, Q Liu, C Li, S Long, H Lv, C Bi, Z Huo, L Li, M Liu. Adv. Funct. Mater, 24, 5679(2014).
[65] X Zhao, S Liu, J Niu, L Liao, Q Liu, X Xiao, H Lv, S Long, W Banerjee, W Li, S Si, M Liu. Small, 13(2017).
[66] J Woo, D Lee, E Cha, S Lee, S Park, H Hwang. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 35, 60(2014).
[67] T Tsuruoka, K Terabe, T Hasegawa, I Valov, W Rainer, M Aono. Adv. Funct. Mater, 22, 70(2012).
[68] S Tappertzhofen, I Valov, T Tsuruoka, T Hasegawa, R Waser, M Aono. ACS Nano, 7, 6396(2013).
[69] Z Xu, Y Bando, W L Wang, X D Bai, D Golberg. ACS Nano, 4, 2515(2010).
[70] S M Wu, T Tsuruoka, K Terabe, T Hasegawa, J P Hill, K Ariga, M Aono. Adv. Funct. Mater, 21, 93(2011).
[71] D Q Liu, H F Cheng, G Wang, X Zhu, N N Wang. J. Appl. Phys, 114(2013).
[72] J Song, J Woo, A Prakash, D Lee, H Hwang. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 36, 681(2015).
[73] Z Wang, S Joshi, S E Savel’ev, H Jiang, R Midya, P Lin, M Hu, N Ge, J P Strachan, Z Li, Q Wu, M Barnell, G L Li, H L Xin, R S Williams, Q Xia, J J Yang. Nat. Mater, 16, 101(2017).
[74] H Jiang, D Belkin, S E Savel’ev, S Y Lin, Z R Wang, Y N Li, S Joshi, R Midya, C Li, M Y Rao, M Barnell, Q Wu, J J Yang, Q F Xia. Nat. Commun, 8, 882(2017).
[75] T You, N Du, S Slesazeck, T Mikolajick, G Li, D Bürger, I Skorupa, H Stöcker, B Abendroth, A Beyer, K Volz, O G Schmidt, H Schmidt. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter, 6(2014).
[76] J Shi, S D Ha, Y Zhou, F Schoofs, S Ramanathan. Nat. Commun, 4, 2676(2013).
[77] H Liu, Y Dong, M J Cherukara, K Sasikumar, B Narayanan, Z Cai, B Lai, L Stan, S Hong, M K Y Chan, S Sankaranarayanan, H Zhou, D D Fong. ACS Nano, 12, 4938(2018).
[78] M Lubben, S Wiefels, R Waser, I Valov. Adv. Electron. Mater, 4(2018).
[79] LD Yao, S Inkinen, S van Dijken. Nat. Commun, 8(2017).
[80] C Lenser, M Patt, S Menzel, A Kohl, C Wiemann, C M Schneider, R Waser, R Dittmann. Adv. Funct. Mater, 24, 4466(2014).
[81] M Moors, K K Adepalli, Q Y Lu, A Wedig, C Baumer, K Skaja, B Arndt, H L Tuller, R Dittmann, R Waser, B Yildiz, I Valov. ACS Nano, 10, 1481(2016).
[82] A Mehonic, M Buckwell, L Montesi, M S Munde, D Gao, S Hudziak, R J Chater, S Fearn, D McPhail, M Bosman, A L Shluger, A J Kenyon. Adv. Mater, 28, 7486(2016).
[83] C Li, B Gao, Y Yao, X X Guan, X Shen, Y G Wang, P Huang, L F Liu, X Y Liu, J J Li, C Z Gu, J F Kang, R C Yu. Adv. Mater, 29(2017).
[84] H Tian, H Y Chen, B Gao, S M Yu, J L Liang, Y Yang, D Xie, J F Kang, T L Ren, Y G Zhang, H Wong. Nano Lett, 13, 651(2013).
[85] Y C Yang, R Huang. Nat. Electron, 1, 274(2018).
[86] J J Yang, F Miao, M D Pickett, D Ohlberg, D R Stewart, C N Lau, R S Williams. Nanotechnology, 21(2009).
[87] D H Kwon, K M Kim, J H Jang, J M Jeon, M H Lee, G H Kim, X S Li, G S Park, B Lee, S Han, M Kim, C S Hwang. Nat. Nanotechnol, 5, 148(2010).
[88] J P Strachan, M D Pickett, J J Yang, S Aloni, A Kilcoyne, G Medeiros-Ribeiro, R S Williams. Adv. Mater, 22, 3573(2010).
[89] Z H Tan, R Yang, K Terabe, X B Yin, X D Zhang, X Guo. Adv. Mater, 28, 377(2016).
[90] J Yin, F Zeng, Q Wan, F Li, Y M Sun, Y D Hu, J L Liu, G Q Li, F Pan. Adv. Funct. Mater, 28(2018).
[91] J Y Chen, C W Huang, C H Chiu, Y T Huang, W W Wu. Adv. Mater, 27, 5028(2015).
[92] M J Lee, C B Lee, D Lee, S R Lee, M Chang, J H Hur, Y B Kim, C J Kim, D H Seo, S Seo, U I Chung, I K Yoo, K Kim. Nat. Mater, 10, 625(2011).
[93] G S Park, Y B Kim, S Y Park, X S Li, S Heo, M J Lee, M Chang, J H Kwon, M Kim, U I Chung, R Dittmann, R Waser, K Kim. Nat. Commun, 4, 2382(2013).
[94] R Muenstermann, T Menke, R Dittmann, R Waser. Adv. Mater, 22, 4819(2010).
[95] J J Yang, J Borghetti, D Murphy, D R Stewart, R S Williams. Adv. Mater, 21, 3754(2009).
[96] M Janousch, G I Meijer, U Staub, B Delley, S F Karg, B P Andreasson. Adv. Mater, 19, 2232(2007).
[97] R Yang, K Terabe, T Tsuruoka, T Hasegawa, M Aono. Appl. Phys. Lett, 100(2012).
[98] R Yang, K Terabe, G Liu, T Tsuruoka, T Hasegawa, J K Gimzewski, M Aono. ACS Nano, 6, 9515(2012).
[99] P Gao, Z Z Wang, W Y Fu, ZL Liao, K H Liu, W L Wang, X D Bai, E Wang. Micron, 41, 301(2010).
[100] C Baeumer, R Valenta, C Schmitz, A Locatelli, T O Mentes, S P Rogers, A Sala, N Raab, S Nemsak, M Shim, C M Schneider, S Menzel, R Waser, R Dittmann. ACS Nano, 11, 6921(2017).
[101] J Park, D H Kwon, H Park, C U Jung, M Kim. Appl. Phys. Lett, 105(2014).
[102] D Cooper, C Baeumer, N Bernier, A Marchewka, C La Torre, R E Dunin-Borkowski, S Menzel, R Waser, R Dittmann. Adv. Mater, 29(2017).
[103] S Kumar, C E Graves, J P Strachan, E M Grafals, A L Kilcoyne, T Tyliszczak, J N Weker, Y Nishi, R S Williams. Adv. Mater, 28, 2772(2016).
[104] S Kumar, Z W Wang, X P Huang, N Kumari, N Davila, J P Strachan, D Vine, ALD Kilcoyne, Y Nishi, R S Williams. ACS Nano, 10(2016).
[105] F Miao, J P Strachan, J J Yang, M X Zhang, I Goldfarb, A C Torrezan, P Eschbach, R D Kelley, G Medeiros-Ribeiro, R S Williams. Adv. Mater, 23, 5633(2011).
[106] J Y Chen, C L Hsin, C W Huang, C H Chiu, Y T Huang, S J Lin, W W Wu, L J Chen. Nano Lett, 13, 3671(2013).
[107] A Wedig, M Luebben, D Y Cho, M Moors, K Skaja, V Rana, T Hasegawa, K K Adepalli, B Yildiz, R Waser, I Valov. Nat. Nanotechnol, 11, 67(2016).
[108] C Du, W Ma, T Chang, P Sheridan, W D Lu. Adv. Funct. Mater, 25, 4290(2015).
[109] J Xiong, R Yang, J Shaibo, H M Huang, H K He, W Zhou, X Guo. Adv. Funct. Mater, 29(2019).
[110] S Bagdzevicius, K Maas, M Boudard, M Burriel. J. Electroceram, 39, 157(2017).
[111] S D Ha, S Ramanathan. J. Appl. Phys, 110(2011).
[112] H S Lee, H H Park, M J Rozenberg. Nanoscale, 7, 6444(2015).
[113] R Yang, X M Li, W D Yu, X D Gao, X J Liu, X Cao, Q Wang, L D Chen. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys, 42(2009).
[114] R Yang, X M Li, W D Yu, X D Gao, D S Shang, X J Liu, X Cao, Q Wang, L D Chen. Appl. Phys. Lett, 95(2009).
[115] S Asanuma, H Akoh, H Yamada, A Sawa. Phys. Rev. B, 80(2009).
[116] B Arndt, F Borgatti, F Offi, M Phillips, P Parreira, T Meiners, S Menzel, K Skaja, G Panaccione, D A MacLaren, R Waser, R Dittmann. Adv. Funct. Mater, 27(2017).
[117] R B Pan, J Li, F Zhuge, L Q Zhu, L Y Liang, H L Zhang, J H Gao, H T Cao, B Fu, K Li. Appl. Phys. Lett, 108(2016).
[118] ABK Chen, S G Kim, Y D Wang, W S Tung, I W Chen. Nat. Nanotechnol, 6, 237(2011).
[119] L Y Wang, J Yang, Y Zhu, M D Yi, L H Xie, R L Ju, Z Y Wang, L T Liu, T F Li, C X Zhang, Y Chen, Y N Wu, W Huang. Adv. Electron. Mater, 3(2017).
[120] H Y Choi, C Wu, C H Bok, T W Kim. NPG Asia Mater, 9, e413(2017).
[121] X L Shao, L W Zhou, K J Yoon, H Jiang, J S Zhao, K L Zhang, S Yoo, C S Hwang. Nanoscale, 7(2015).
[122] X B Yin, Z H Tan, X Guo. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, 17, 134(2015).
[123] A Younis, D W Chu, X Lin, J B Yi, F Dang, S A Li. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter, 5, 2249(2013).
[124] Y C Yang, F Pan, F Zeng, M Liu. J. Appl. Phys, 106(2009).
[125] J H Yoon, K M Kim, SJ Song, J Y Seok, K J Yoon, D E Kwon, T H Park, Y J Kwon, X Shao, C S Hwang. Adv. Mater, 27, 3811(2015).
[126] S Kumar, J P Strachan, R S Williams. Nature, 548, 318(2017).
[127] S Kumar, Z W Wang, N Davila, N Kumari, K J Norris, X P Huang, J P Strachan, D Vine, ALD Kilcoyne, Y Nishi, R S Williams. Nat. Commun, 8, 658(2017).
[128] J Kim, C Ko, A Frenzel, S Ramanathan, J E Hoffman. Appl. Phys. Lett, 96(2010).
[129] S B Lee, K Kim, J S Oh, B Kahng, J S Lee. Appl. Phys. Lett, 102(2013).
[130] J Park, J Yoo, J Song, C Sung, H Hwang. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 39, 1171(2018).
[131] E Mikheev, B D Hoskins, D B Strukov, S Stemmer. Nat. Commun, 5, 3990(2014).
[132] J R Wang, R B Pan, H T Cao, Y Wang, L Y Liang, H L Zhang, J H Gao, F Zhuge. Appl. Phys. Lett, 109(2016).
[133] ZB Yan, J M Liu. Sci. Rep, 3, 2482(2013).
[134] A S Goossens, A Das, T Banerjee. J. Appl. Phys, 124(2018).
[135] H J Kim, H Zheng, J S Park, D H Kim, C J Kang, J T Jang, D H Kim, T S Yoon. Nanotechnology, 28(2017).
[136] T N Fang, S Kaza, S Haddad, A Chen, Y C Wu, Z Lan, S Avanzino, D Liao, C Gopalan, S Choi. Electron Devices Meeting(2006).
[137] Q Liu, W Guan, S Long, R Jia, M Liu, J Chen. Appl. Phys. Lett, 92(2008).
[138] H Schroeder, V V Zhirnov, R K Cavin, R Waser. J. Appl. Phys, 107(2010).
[139] X Yang, J Tudosa, B J Choi, A Chen, I W Chen. Nano Lett, 14, 5058(2014).
[140] X Yang, B J Choi, A Chen, I W Chen. ACS Nano, 7, 2302(2013).
[141] V Dubost, T Cren, C Vaju, L Cario, B Corraze, E Janod, F Debontridder, D Roditchev. Nano Lett, 13, 3648(2013).
[142] H T Kim, B G Chae, D H Youn, S L Maeng, G Kim, K Y Kang, Y S Lim. New J. Phys, 6, 52(2004).
[143] W Xue, G Liu, Z Zhong, Y Dai, J Shang, Y Liu, H Yang, X Yi, H Tan, L Pan. Adv. Mater, 29(2017).
[144] M J Rozenberg, I H Inoue, M J Sanchez. Phys. Rev. Lett, 92(2004).
[145] K M Kim, B J Choi, M H Lee, G H Kim, S J Song, J Y Seok, J H Yoon, S Han, C S Hwang. Nanotechnology, 22(2011).
[146] L Q Zhu, C J Wan, L Q Guo, Y Shi, Q Wan. Nat. Commun, 5, 3158(2014).
[147] Y Zang, H Shen, D Huang, C A Di, D Zhu. Adv. Mater, 29(2017).
[148] H Tian, W Mi, X F Wang, H Zhao, Q Y Xie, C Li, Y X Li, Y Yang, T L Ren. Nano Lett, 15, 8013(2015).
[149] C Liu, X Yan, X Song, S Ding, D W Zhang, P Zhou. Nat. Nanotechnol, 13, 404(2018).
[150] CS Liu, H W Chen, X Hou, H Zhang, J Han, Y G Jiang, X Y Zeng, D W Zhang, P Zhou. Nat. Nanotechnol, 14, 662(2019).
[151] C J Wan, P Feng, W Wang, L Q Zhu, Z P Liu, Y Shi, Q Wan. Adv. Mater, 28, 5878(2016).
[152] Q Wang, Y Itoh, T Tsuruoka, M Aono, T Hasegawa. Adv. Mater, 27, 6029(2015).
[153] Y van de Burgt, E Lubberman, E J Fuller, S T Keene, G C Faria, S Agarwal, M J Marinella, A A Talin, A Salleo. Nat. Mater, 16, 414(2017).
[154] E J Fuller, F El Gabaly, F Leonard, S Agarwal, S J Plimpton, R B Jacobs-Gedrim, C D James, M J Marinella, A A Talin. Adv. Mater, 29(2017).
[155] J J Yang, Q Xia. Nat. Mater, 16, 396(2017).
