In China’s industrial development, land elements have long been used in a disorderly, extensive, and inefficient manner. In the context of economic transformation, it is of great significance to explore the mechanism of globalization, marketization, and decentralization in the use efficiency of urban industrial land. In this study, urban industrial land use efficiency was measured by a stochastic frontier production function model for the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2007 to 2016. Also, spatial statistical method was used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of urban industrial land use efficiency. This study analyzed the influence of economic globalization, marketization, and decentralization on the use efficiency of industrial land under the background of economic transformation. The results of the study show that: from 2007 to 2016, urban industrial land use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was relatively low, but showed an upward trend. The spatial distribution of urban industrial land use efficiency in the region presented a agglomeration trend, with the high is in the northeast and the low in the southwest, showing obvious spatial non-equilibrium. Industrial land use efficiency hot spots showed a significant spatial polarization phenomenon. The regression results show that under the background of economic transformation, globalization has promoted the improvement of industrial land use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic belt through the increase of foreign investment.Through the improvement of land marketization, it also has a positive effect on the industrial land use efficiency. Decentralization has a negative effect on the industrial land use efficiency. Based on this, the following suggestions are put forward: Cities along the Yangtze River Economic belt should adjust measures to local conditions and improve the utilization efficiency of foreign investment,promote the market-oriented reform of industrial land and implement differentiated policies for the supply of industrial land.