“Wheel hub” model: The tourism space structure of urban self-driving tourists: Taking Beijing, Xi&#39;an and Wuhan cities as examples

Tiange ZHANG; Jinfeng WU; Xiaoteng SHI; Baoqing WU; Chunchun DENG; Shanshan WU

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190697

[1] 张辉. 全域旅游助推自驾旅游. 旅游研究, 2017,9(4):2-5. [ ZhangHui. Regional tourism boosts self-driving tourism. Tourism Research, 2017,9(4):2-5.] [Zhang Hui. Regional tourism boosts self-driving tourism. Tourism Research, 2017, 9(4): 2-5.]

[2] 中国旅游研究院. 自驾远行的路上, 我们都是追梦人. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZpnIP0CedkZrp882dYvWA, 2019-03-06. [ China Tourism Academy. We are all dreamers on our long drive. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZpnIP0CedkZrp882dYvWA, 2019-03-06.] [China Tourism Academy. We are all dreamers on our long drive. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZpnIP0CedkZrp882dYvWA, 2019-03-06.] https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/fZpnIP0CedkZrp882dYvWA

[3] 吴晋峰. 旅游系统: 理论与空间结构模式研究. 南京: 南京大学博士学位论文, 2001: 32. [ WuJinfeng. Tourism systems: A study of theoretical and spatial structural models. Nanjing: Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University, 2001: 32.] [Wu Jinfeng. Tourism systems: A study of theoretical and spatial structural models. Nanjing: Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University, 2001: 32.]

[4] 刘建国, 张妍, 黄杏灵. 中国人文地理学区域空间结构研究的主要领域及展望. 地理科学, 2019,39(6):874-885. [ LiuJianguo, ZhangYan, HuangXingling. Main areas and prospects of regional spatial structure research in Chinese human geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019,39(6):874-885.] [Liu Jianguo, Zhang Yan, Huang Xingling. Main areas and prospects of regional spatial structure research in Chinese human geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(6): 874-885.]

[5] WalterChristaller. Some considerations of tourism location in Europe: The peripheral region underdeveloped countries-recreation areas[C]. Paper and Proceedings of Regional Science Association, 12, 95-105(1964).

[6] DouglasPearce. Tourist Today: A Geographical Snalysis: The 2nd Edition, 8-35(1995).

[7] RobertMings. Kevin McHugh. The spatial configuration of travel to Yellowstone National Park[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 38-46(1992).

[8] MartinOppermann. A model of travel itineraries[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 33, 57-61(1995).

[9] AlanLew. Bob McKercher. Modeling tourist movements: A local destination analysis[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 403-423(2006).

[10] JamesHooper. A destination too far? Modelling destination accessibility and distance decay in tourism[J]. GeoJournal, 80, 33-46(2015).

[11] YapingLiu, YinchangLi, ParnpreeParkpian. Inbound tourism in Thailand: Market form and scale differentiation in ASEAN source countries[J]. Tourism Management, 64, 22-36(2018).

[12] JianhongXia, PanlopZeephongsekul, DavidPacher. Spatial and temporal modelling of tourist movements using Semi- Markov Processes[J]. Tourism Management, 32, 844-851(2011).

[13] ClaireSmallwood, LynnathBechley, SusanMoore. An analysis of visitor movement patterns using travel networks in a large marine park, North-western Australia[J]. Tourism Management, 33, 517-528(2012).

[14] JacekKotus, MichalRzeszewski, WojciechEwertowski. Tourists in the spatial structures of a big Polish city: Development of an uncontrolled patchwork or concentric spheres?[J]. Tourism Management, 50, 98-110(2015).

[15] 杨新军, 马晓龙, 霍云霈. 旅游目的地区域(TDD)及其空间结构研究: 以西安为例. 地理科学, 2004,24(5):620-626. [ YangXinjun, MaXiaolong, HuoYunpei. Tourist destination district and its spatial structure. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004,24(5):620-626.] [Yang Xinjun, Ma Xiaolong, Huo Yunpei. Tourist destination district and its spatial structure. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004, 24(5): 620-626.]

[16] 史春云, 张捷, 尤海梅, 等. 四川省旅游区域核心-边缘空间格局演变. 地理学报, 2007,62(6):631-639.

[17] 李仁杰, 郭风华, 安颖. 北京环城游憩地类型结构与自然要素的关系. 地理与地理信息科学, 2010,26(2):103-106. [ LiRenjie, GuoFenghua, AnYing. Relationship between the distribution of recreational region type around Beijing Metropolises and some natural factors. Geography andGeo-Information Science, 2010,26(2):103-106.] [Li Renjie, Guo Fenghua, An Ying. Relationship between the distribution of recreational region type around Beijing Metropolises and some natural factors. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2010, 26(2): 103-106.]

[18] 肖英, 刘思华. 长沙环城游憩带旅游开发研究. 经济地理, 2012,32(6):173-176. [ XiaoYing, LiuSihua. The development of recreational belt around metropolis in Changsha. Economic Geography, 2012,32(6):173-176.] [Xiao Ying, Liu Sihua. The development of recreational belt around metropolis in Changsha. Economic Geography, 2012, 32(6): 173-176.]

[19] 孙建伟, 田野, 崔家兴, 等. 湖北省旅游空间结构识别与可达性测度. 经济地理, 2017,37(4):208-217. [ SunJianwei, TianYe, CuiJiaxing, et al. Identification of tourism spatial structure and measurement of tourism spatial accessibility in Hubei province. Economic Geography, 2017,37(4):208-217.] [Sun Jianwei, Tian Ye, Cui Jiaxing, et al. Identification of tourism spatial structure and measurement of tourism spatial accessibility in Hubei province. Economic Geography, 2017, 37(4): 208-217.]

[20] 王绍博, 罗小龙, 郭建科, 等. 高铁网络下东北地区旅游空间结构动态演变分析. 地理科学, 2019,39(4):568-577.

[21] 汪德根, 孙峰, 刘昌雪, 等. 公共交通系统对城市游憩空间格局影响: 以苏州城区为例. 旅游学刊, 2017,32(10):78-90. [ WangDegen, SunFeng, LiuChangxue, et al. Impact of low-carbon public transport system on urban recreational spatial: A case study of center city of Suzhou. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(10):78-90.] [Wang Degen, Sun Feng, Liu Changxue, et al. Impact of low-carbon public transport system on urban recreational spatial: A case study of center city of Suzhou. Tourism Tribune, 2017, 32(10): 78-90.]

[22] 殷平, 杨寒, 张同颢. 高速铁路网与京津冀旅游: 空间作用与结构演化. 旅游学刊, 2019,34(3):102-112. [ YinPing, YangHan, ZhangTonghao. High-speed railway and tourism development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Spatial interaction and restructuring. Tourism Tribune, 2019,34(3):102-112.] [Yin Ping, Yang Han, Zhang Tonghao. High-speed railway and tourism development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Spatial interaction and restructuring. Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(3): 102-112.]

[23] 吴必虎. 大城市环城游憩带(ReBAM)研究: 以上海市为例. 地理科学, 2001,21(4):354-359.

[24] DegenWang, YuNiu, JiaQian. Evolution and optimization of China's urban tourism spatial structure: A high speed rail perspective[J]. Tourism Management, 64, 218-232(2018).

[25] 吴必虎, 唐俊雅, 黄安民, 等. 中国城市居民旅游目的地选择行为研究. 地理学报, 1997,52(2):97-103.

[26] 陆林. 山岳风景区旅游者空间行为研究: 兼论黄山与美国黄石公园之比较. 地理学报, 1996,51(4):315-321. [ LuLin. A study on the spatial behavior of tourists in mountain resorts: Giving consideration to comparison of the travelling spatial behavior between tourists in Huangshan Mountain and in Yellowstone Park. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1996,51(4):315-321.] [Lu Lin. A study on the spatial behavior of tourists in mountain resorts: Giving consideration to comparison of the travelling spatial behavior between tourists in Huangshan Mountain and in Yellowstone Park. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1996, 51(4): 315-321.]

[27] 杨新军, 牛栋, 吴必虎. 旅游行为空间模式及其评价. 经济地理, 2000,20(4):105-117.

[28] 吴必虎. 上海城市游憩者流动行为研究. 地理学报, 1994,49(2):117-127. [ WuBihu. A research on urban recreationists' traveling behavior in Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994,49(2):117-127.] [Wu Bihu. A research on urban recreationists' traveling behavior in Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994, 49(2): 117-127.]

[29] 张捷, 李升峰, 周寅康, 等. 九寨沟风景区游客入游距离特征研究. 长江流域资源与环境, 2002,11(1):5-9. [ ZhangJie, LiShengfeng, ZhouYinkang, et al. Distance characteristics of tourist travel behavior in Jiuzhaigou district, Sichuan, China. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(1):5-9.] [Zhang Jie, Li Shengfeng, Zhou Yinkang, et al. Distance characteristics of tourist travel behavior in Jiuzhaigou district, Sichuan, China. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002, 11(1): 5-9.]

[30] 吴晋峰, 潘旭莉. 京沪入境旅游流网络结构特征分析. 地理科学, 2010,30(3):370-376.

[31] 唐澜, 吴晋峰. 中国入境观光休闲旅游流空间结构与流动特征. 经济管理, 2013,35(10):130-142. [ TangLan, WuJinfeng. Research on the spatial structure and flow characteristic of Chinese inbound sightseeing and leisure tourist flows. Economic Management, 2013,35(10):130-142.] [Tang Lan, Wu Jinfeng. Research on the spatial structure and flow characteristic of Chinese inbound sightseeing and leisure tourist flows. Economic Management, 2013, 35(10): 130-142.]

[32] 杨新菊, 吴晋峰, 唐澜, 王金莹. 旅华外国散客旅游流地理分布和网络结构研究. 旅游学刊, 2014,29(5):87-96.

[33] 查晓莉, 徐雨晨, 陆林, 等. 上海迪士尼国内旅游流地理分布与流动特征. 旅游学刊, 2019,34(6):59-73. [ ZhaXiaoli, XuYuchen, LuLin, et al. Geographical distribution and flows of Chinese visitors to Shanghai Disneyland. Tourism Tribune, 2019,34(6):59-73.] [Zha Xiaoli, Xu Yuchen, Lu Lin, et al. Geographical distribution and flows of Chinese visitors to Shanghai Disneyland. Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(6): 59-73.]

[34] GuillemVich, OriolMarquet, CarmeMiralles-Guasch. Suburban commuting and activity spaces: Using smartphone tracking data to understand the spatial extent of travel behavior[J]. Geographical Journal, 183, 426-439(2017).

[35] Mei-PoKwan, AlexanderKotsev. Gender differences in commute time and accessibility in Sofia, Bulgaria: A study using 3D geovisualisation[J]. The Geographical Journal, 181, 83-96(2015).

[36] GeofferyWall. Socio-economic variations in pleasure-trip patterns: The case of hull car-owners[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1999, 45-58(1972).

[37] Hsin-YuShih. Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations: An application of network analysis in tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 27, 1029-1039(2006).

[38] 张晓燕, 张善芹, 马勋. 中国自驾车旅游者行为研究: 以华北地区为例. 旅游学刊, 2006,21(9):31-35.

[39] 冯淑华. 自驾车旅游者的行为特征及空间效应分析. 旅游学刊, 2008,23(9):34-38.

[40] LiuYaping, ZhangYu, NieLinlin. Patterns of self-drive tourists: The case of Nanning city, China[J]. Tourism Management, 33, 225-227(2012).

[41] 卢松, 吉慧, 蔡云峰. 黄山市自驾车入游流旅行空间行为研究. 地理研究, 2013,32(1):179-190.

[42] 罗秋菊, 梁思贤. 基于数字足迹的自驾车旅游客流时空特征研究: 以云南省为例. 旅游学刊, 2016,31(12):41-50.

[43] 娄思元, 明庆忠, 陈颖, 等. 自驾旅游线路分类空间功能分析: 以保山、德宏两地为例. 经济地理, 2018,38(3):217-224. [ LouSiyuan, MingQingzhong, ChenYing, et al. The function of self-driving tour routes' classification spaces: A case study of Baoshan and Dehong. Economic Geography, 2018,38(3):217-224.] [Lou Siyuan, Ming Qingzhong, Chen Ying, et al. The function of self-driving tour routes' classification spaces: A case study of Baoshan and Dehong. Economic Geography, 2018, 38(3): 217-224.]

[44] 张文奎. 行为地理学研究的基本理论问题. 地理科学, 1990,10(2):159-167.

[45] 戴斌. 需求驱动景区创新发展. 中国文化报, 2014-09-27(001). [ DaiBin. Demand drives the innovative development of scenic spots. China Culture Daily, 2014-09-27(001).] [Dai Bin. Demand drives the innovative development of scenic spots. China Culture Daily, 2014-09-27(001).]

[46] 贾垚焱, 胡静, 刘大均, 等. 长江中游城市群A级旅游景区空间演化及影响机理研究. 经济地理, 2019,39(1):201-209. [ JiaYaoyan, HuJing, LiuDajun, et al. Spatial evolution and influence mechanism of A-Level scenic spots in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Economic Geography, 2019,39(1):201-209.] [Jia Yaoyan, Hu Jing, Liu Dajun, et al. Spatial evolution and influence mechanism of A-Level scenic spots in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Economic Geography, 2019, 39(1): 201-209.]

[47] 周芳如, 吴晋峰, 吴潘, 等. 中国主要入境旅游城市交通通达性对比研究. 旅游学刊, 2016,31(2):12-22.

[48] 旅游规划观察. 途牛: 2018年中国西部自驾游发展报告. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pzeW-hMFvgbdHe6_LRNoWQ, 2018-11-01. [ Tourism Planning Observation. Tuniu: Development Report of self-drive tourism in Western China in 2018. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pzeW-hMFvgbdHe6_LRNoWQ, 2018-11-01.] [Tourism Planning Observation. Tuniu: Development Report of self-drive tourism in Western China in 2018. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pzeW-hMFvgbdHe6_LRNoWQ, 2018-11-01.] https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pzeW-hMFvgbdHe6_LRNoWQ

[49] 在线旅讯.驴妈妈发布《2018中国自驾游报告》, 周边自驾愈发高频、房车自驾人气火爆. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oRoqSvYRN_ZZkZID6BMesg, 2018-03-31. [ Online travel news. Online travel news. Lvmama released "China Road Trip Report 2018", self-drive in the surrounding area has become increasingly frequent and RV self-drive has become popular. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oRoqSvYRN_ZZkZID6BMesg, 2018-03-31.] [Online travel news. Lvmama released "China Road Trip Report 2018", self-drive in the surrounding area has become increasingly frequent and RV self-drive has become popular. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oRoqSvYRN_ZZkZID6BMesg, 2018-03-31.] https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oRoqSvYRN_ZZkZID6BMesg

[50] YinglingFan, AsadKhattak. Urban form, individual spatial footprints, and travel: Examination of space-use behavior[J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2082, 98-106(2008).

[51] StefanSchonfelder, KayAxhausen. Activity spaces: Measures of social exclusion?[J]. Transport Policy, 10, 273-286(2003).

[52] RonBuliung, PavlosKanaroglou. Urban form and household activity-travel behavior[J]. Growth and Change, 37, 172-199(2006).

[54] ShannonZenk, AmySchulz, StephenMatthews et al. Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: A pilot study[J]. Health and Place, 17, 1150-1161(2011).

李山, 王慧, 王铮. 中国国内观光旅游线路设计中的游时研究. 人文地理, 2005,20(2):51-56. [ LiShan, WangHui, WangZheng. A study on tour time planning of domestic sightseeing travel itineraries. Human Geography, 2005,20(2):51-56.] [Li Shan, Wang Hui, Wang Zheng. A study on tour time planning of domestic sightseeing travel itineraries. Human Geography, 2005, 20(2): 51-56.]

[55] 王小霞. 中国经济高速增长还将持续20年: 访国务院发展研究中心宏观经济研究部部长余斌. 中小企业管理与科技, 2010, (8):50-53. [ WangXiaoxia. China's rapid economic growth will continue for another 20 years: Visiting Yu Bin, director of macroeconomic research department, development research center of the state council. SME Management and Technology, 2010, (8):50-53.] [Wang Xiaoxia. China's rapid economic growth will continue for another 20 years: Visiting Yu Bin, director of macroeconomic research department, development research center of the state council. SME Management and Technology, 2010, (8): 50-53.]

[56] GunvorLarsen, JoGuiver. Understanding tourists' perceptions of distance: A key to reducing the environmental impacts of tourism mobility[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21, 968-981(2013).