Fig. 1. DEM and ecological function zoning of the regionSource: DEM 90 m data and Chinese ecological function zoning data were derived from the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences of CAS.Notes: Windbreak and sand fixation is the ecological function zone at northern foot of the Yinshan Mountain-Hunshandake Sandy Land. Soil conservation is the ecological function zone of the Taihang Mountains. Water source conservation A is the ecological function zone for West Liaohe River source conservation. Water source conservation B is the ecological function zone for Beijing-Tianjin water source conservation.

Fig. 2. Distribution map of average value of ecological assets for different ecosystem types in 2015

Fig. 3. Total ecological compensation of the region in different periodsNotes: Constant price of all data were calculated based on the year 2000

Fig. 4. Spatial distribution maps of average ecological compensation among the counties in the regionNotes: Constant price of all data were calculated based on the year 2000.

Fig. 5. The share of ecological surplus areas at county level in the region in different periods

Fig. 6. Spatiotemporal change distribution of ecological deficit and surplus areas in the region