Fig. 1. Current waveforms for the three discharge modes.
Fig. 2. Sketch of an X-pinch.
Fig. 3. (a) Typical image of x-ray point source and (b) waveform of an x-ray pulse from an X-pinch.
Fig. 4. PCR image of a 3-mm-long ant.
Fig. 5. Physical process involved in the formation of a wire-array Z-pinch.
Fig. 6. Experimental arrangement for x-ray backlighting of wire-array Z-pinch.
Fig. 7. Typical images of EEWA with two molybdenum wires of diameter 50 μm spaced 2 mm apart: (a) 61 ns, 172 kA; (b) 67 ns, 188 kA. (c) Waveforms of the current and x-ray pulses.
Fig. 8. An insulator as a flashover switch inserted in the cathode to realize core-free EEW.
Fig. 9. Radial electric fields on the wire surface.
Fig. 10. Interferograms of EEW (a) without and (b) with a flashover switch.
Fig. 11. Experimental setup of EEW for nanopowder production.
Fig. 12. Dependences of deposition rate η and plasma energy Wp on charging voltage.
Fig. 13. TEM images of nanopowders obtained with charging voltages of (a) 9 kV and (b) 24 kV.
Fig. 14. Dependences of specific surface area and average diameter of nanoparticles on deposition rate η at a nitrogen pressure of 20 kPa.
Fig. 15. Dependences of specific surface area and average diameter of nanoparticles on nitrogen pressure at a charging voltage of 80 kV.
Fig. 16. Typical shock-wave pressure waveform showing two shock waves (SW): one generated by melting and the other by vaporization.
Fig. 17. Process by which the shock wave generated by vaporization overtakes the shock wave generated by melting as Ed increases.
Fig. 18. Comparison of discharge modes: (a) cutoff current mode with the 200-μF capacitor bank; (b) restrike mode with the 1-μF capacitor bank.
| 200-μF capacitor bank | 200-μF capacitor bank |
---|
Discharge mode | Cutoff current | Restrike | Current peak (kA) | 2.4 | 6.7 | Voltage peak | 2.2 | 45 | di/dt (kA/μs) | 0.68 | 7.50 | Deposition energy (J) | 10.1 | 40.8 | EEW mode | Underheat | Overheat | Shock-wave pressure (MPa) | 0.53 | 11.58 |
|
Table 1. Comparison of parameters for EEW using two capacitor banks.