Precision manufacturing of the shaped film cooling holes on turbine blades is a challenge, especially when the metal blades are coated with thermal barrier coatings (TBC). A 532 nm nanosecond pulsed ytterbium fiber laser is used to study the physical interactions between pulsed laser beam and metal or ceramic materials. Using a semi-empirical model and finite element model, we study the interaction of laser and material, and predict laser ablation surface geometry. Results are compared between modelling and experimental data. Optimized machining parameters are recommended with the aim of maximum process efficiency and minimum thermal effects such as recast layer, edge protrusions and microcracks. By varying depth of focus, scanning mode, beam diameter and power density, the interaction between laser and stainless steel, copper, TBC and IN718 are investigated. Laser ablation energy density threshold values and the best material removal rate are obtained, and the result of simulation is verified.